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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS  LIBRARY  AT  URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 

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jul  2  i  lira 

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o’n 

L161— 0-1096 

LIBRARY 
OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINfil'' 


THE 

BOILER  BOOK 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler 
Inspection  and  Insurance 
Company 


A  Collection  of  Reliable  Data 
For  Use  in  the  Design  and 
Installation  of  Boilers  and 
Other  Pressure  Vessels. 


Compiled  by  H.  E.  DART,  Superintendent 
of  Engineering  Department 

The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection 
and  Insurance  Co.,  Hartford,  Conn. 

1920 


Copyright  1920 

The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  inspection  and  Insurance  Company 


I 


\i\M< 

MTb 


PREFACE 


F 


OR  MORE  than  forty  years  the  designs  of  the  Engineering  Department  of 
this  Company  have  been  accepted  as  standards  throughout  the  United 
States  and  have  been  copied  into  the  most  authoritative  engineering  hand¬ 


books  and  textbooks  as  well  as  the  trade  catalogs  of  the  best-known  boiler  makers 


and  dealers  in  materials  required  for  boiler  construction.  We  comply  with  a 
great  many  requests  for  data  on  boiler  design  and  installation,  the  sources  of 
inquiry  ranging  from  college  professors  to  firemen,  from  well-known  steel  com¬ 
panies -and  large  boiler-shops  to  steam-fitters,  plumbers  and  brick-masons  in 
small  towns,  from  Canadian  Government  commissions  and  English  boiler¬ 
makers  to  Cuban  sugar  plantations,  and  from  wood-pulp  mills  in  Maine  to  saw¬ 
mills  in  Oregon  and  cotton  plantations  in  Louisiana. 

Our  designs  and  standards  have  been  disseminated  principally  in  the  form 
of  blue-prints,  over  83,000  prints  having  been  sent  out  since  the  Engineering 
.  Department  was  established.  As  a  rule,  however,  each  blue-print  covers  only 
one  single  phase  of  some  particular  subject  and  we  have  often  thought  that  it 
r  would  be  worth  while  to  assemble  some  of  the  more  commonly  used  data  in  the 
form  of  a  pamphlet.  This  idea  has  been  more  forcibly  brought  to  our  attention 
since  the  promulgation  of  the  Boiler  Code  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers  and  its  adoption  by  several  states  and  cities.  We  adopted  the  Code 
as  a  standard  as  soon  as  it  was  published  and  made  such  minor  changes  in  our 
old  drawings,  as  were  needed  to  comply  with  its  requirements.  All  our  newer 
drawings,  tables,  and  other  data  have  been  designed  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  the  Code  and,  in  view  of  the  many  inquiries  which  we  receive 
regarding  the  Code  and  its  application,  it  seems  that  such  data  ought  to  be 
especially  valuable  to  those  who  are  trying  to  follow  the  Code  requirements. 

With  these  ideas  in  mind  we  have  collected  and  published  the  data  which 
appears  on  the  following  pages  for  the  use  of  our  friends.  This  little  book  is  not 
intended  as  a  treatise  on  boiler  design  but  merely  as  a  collection  in  convenient 
form,  of  data  which  we  have  found  valuable  in  our  Engineering  Department  and 


which  we  hope  will  prove  of  equal  value  to  those  who  may  have  occasion  to  use 


it.  The  designs  contained  herein  represent  our  ideas  as  to  good  practice  in 
<  boiler  construction  but  it  should  be  understood  that  we  necessarily  insure  many 
v-~  boilers  which  do  not  comply  therewith. 


THE  HARTFORD  STEAM  BOILER  INSPECTION 
AND  INSURANCE  COMPANY 


November  20,  1920. 


Hartford,  Conn. 


1 022 1 74 


3 


4 


The  H artf or d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


INDEX 


A 

American  Standard,  Drilling  and  other 
details  for  Flanges  and  Fittings. . 

Areas  of  Circles, . 

Areas  of  Segments  to  be  stayed  in  H.  T. 
boiler  heads, . 


B 

Basic  Principles . 

Braces,  Arrangement  in  H.  T.  boilers. . 

Diagonal  Crowfoot,  Proportions 

of . 

Spacing .... 

Stresses  and 
Areas  sup¬ 
ported  by . 

Through,  Proportions  of . 

Stresses  and  Areas 
supported  by . 

Bracing  Heads  of  H.  T.  boilers, . 

Bricks,  Number  required  for  H.  T.  boil¬ 
er  settings, . 

Bumped  Heads,  Allowable  pressures  on 
Butt-Joints.  See  “Joints.” 


C 

Circles,  Circumferences  and  Areas  of.  . 

Circumferential  Seams.  See  “Girth 
Seams.” 

Columns  for  Supporting  H.  T.  boilers, 
Cast  Iron,  Round  and  Square, . 

Steel,  H-Beams . 

Plate-and- Angle, . 

Connections,  Boiler.  Minimum  num¬ 
ber  of  Pipe  Threads  in . 

Cylindrical  Shells,  Girth  seams  of . 

Allowable  Pressures 
on . 


D 

Decimal  Equivalents  of  Common  Frac¬ 
tions,  . 

Dished  Heads,  Allowable  Pressures  on, 


F 

Flanges  and  Fittings,  Drilling  and  other 
Details, . 

Fractions,  Decimal  Equivalents  of,. . . . 

Furnaces,  Unstayed.  Allowable  Pres¬ 
sures  on . . 


G 

Girth  Seams,  H.  T.  boilers, . 

Cylindrical  Vessels  with 
Solid  Unstayed  Heads . 
Grates,  Size  of,  for  H.  T.  boilers, . 


J 

Page 

Page 

Joints,  Butt.  Double-riveted, . 

7 

56 

Triple-riveted, . 

8,  9 

57  to  65 

Quadruple-riveted . 

10,  11 

20,  21,  22 

Lap.  Double-riveted . 

13 

Girth  Seams . 

14,  15 

Single-riveted, . 

12 

5 

Joints,  Riveted . 

6 

17,  18,  19 

L 

23 

23 

Lap  Joints.  See  “Joints.” 

P 

Plates,  Steel.  Weight  per  square  foot, 

47 

24 

Pressures,  Allowable  on  Cylindrical 

Shells, . 

16 

25 

on  Spherical  Heads, 

31  to  35 

26,  27 

on  Unstayed  Fur¬ 
naces . 

36,  37 

17  to  22 

43 

R 

Rivets,  Shearing  Strength  of, . 

5 

31  to  35 

Rivet  Heads,  Proportions  for, . 

6 

57  to  65 

Riveted  Joints.  See  “Joints.” 

S 

Safety  Valves  for  Power  Boilers, . 

51 

Number  and  size  of  for 
Fire-tube  boilers . 

52,  53 

49 

50 

Number  and  size  of  for 
Water-tube  boilers, . . . 

54,  55 

Size  of  boiler  connections 
for  two  or  three . 

51 

50 

Settings  for  H.  T.  boilers, 

Dimensions, . 

42 

56 

General  description . 

40,  41 

15 

Number  of  bricks  required  for, . 

43 

16 

Shearing  Strength  of  rivets, . 

5 

Smoke-Openings,  Size  of  for  H.  T.  boilers 

44 

Spherical  Heads,  Allowable  pressures  on 

31  to  35 

Staybolts,  Allowable  loads  on, . 

29 

57 

Least  angle  for  given  number 
of  threads . 

30 

31  to  35 

Maximum  pitch, . 

28 

Stays  and  Staying.  See  “Braces”  and 
“Bracing”. 

Steel  Plates,  Weights  per  square  foot .  . 

47 

56 

Suspension  of  H.  T.  boilers, . 

48  to  50 

57 

T 

36,  37 

Threads,  Pipe.  Minimum  number  in 
boiler  connections . 

56 

Staybolt.  Least  angle  for 
given  number  of, . 

30 

14 

Tubes,  Arrangement  of  in  H.  T.  boilers 

17,  18,  19,  46 

15 

44 

For  Fire-tube  boilers,  Standard 
dimensions, . 

38 

For  Water-tube  boilers  and  sup¬ 
erheaters,  . 

39 

H 

H-Beams  as  Columns  for  Supporting  H. 


T.  boilers .  50 

Heads,  Bracing  of  in  H.  T.  boilers .  17  to  22 

Spherical, .  31  to  35 

Heating  Surface  of  H.  T.  boilers, .  46 

Heights  for  Setting  H.  T.  boilers .  45 

Horsepower  of  H.  T.  boilers .  46 


I 

I-Beams  for  Suspending  H.  T.  boilers, 

Sizes  of .  48 


U 

Uptakes,  Size  of  for  H.  T.  boilers .  44 

Unstayed  Furnaces,  Allowable  Pres¬ 
sures  on, .  36,  37 


V 

Valves,  Safety.  See  “Safety  Valves.” 


W 

Weights  of  boiler  tubes .  38 

of  H.  T.  boilers, .  47 

of  Steel  plates  per  square  foot,  47 

Water,  Weight  of  in  H.  T.  boilers .  47 


November,  1920. 


The  H  artf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


5 


BASIC  PRINCIPLES. 

The  general  rules  and  working  stresses  used  in  calculating  the  tables  which 
appear  on  the  following  pages,  are  given  below.  These  values  are  used  in  all 
the  work  of  our  Engineering  Department. 

Minimum  factor  of  safety  =  5. 

Tensile  strength  of  steel  plates  =  55000  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Resistance  of  steel  plates  to  crushing  =  95000  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Strength  of  rivets  in  single  shear  =  44000  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Strength  of  rivets  in  double  shear  =  88000  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

The  cross-sectional  area  of  rivets  is  taken  as  the  area  of  the  rivet  holes,  it 
being  assumed  that  all  rivets  will  be  properly  driven  so  as  to  entirely  fill  the  holes. 

All  calculations  are  based  on  the  use  of  steel  rivets  conforming  to  the 
requirements  of  the  A.  S.  M.  E.  Boiler  Code;  no  figures  are  given  for  iron  rivets. 


Allowable  Shearing  Strength  of  Steel  Rivets. 


Diameter  of  Rivet  After 
Driving 

Cross-Sectional  Area  of 
Rivet  After  Driving 

Shearing  Strength 

Single  Shear 

Double  Shear 

1  he"— 0.6875" 

0.37122  sq.  in. 

16334  lbs. 

32668  lbs. 

K" — 0 . 7500" 

0.44179  “  “ 

19439  “ 

3887S  “ 

. 8125" 

0.51849  “  “ 

22814  “ 

45628  “ 

— 0.8750" 

0.60132  “  “ 

26458  “ 

52916  “ 

1  he"— 0.9375" 

0.69029  “  “ 

30373  “ 

60746  “ 

1"  —1.0000" 

0.78540  “  “ 

34558  “ 

69116  “ 

1  14"— 1.0625" 

0.88664  “  “ 

39012  “ 

78024  “ 

1  he"— 1  •  1875" 

1.1075  “  “ 

48730  “ 

97460  “ 

1  he"— 1-3125" 

1.3530  “  “ 

59532  “ 

119064  “ 

1  he"— 1.4375" 

1.6230  “  “ 

71412  “ 

142824  “ 

6 


The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


STANDARD  PROPORTIONS  FOR  RIVET  HEADS 


r 


Straight  Base  Cone  Head  Pan  Head  Button  Head 

Button  Head 


Double  Radius  Steeple  Head  Countersunk  Head  Flat  Head 

Button  Head 


Dimensions  May  Be  Larger  Or  '/\o  Smaller  Than  Those  Shown. 


f 


RIVETED  JOINTS 

Our  designs  for  riveted  joints  have  probably  been  copied  and  used  more 
widely  than  any  other  data  which  we  have  issued.  About  four  years  ago  we 
decided  to  make  a  complete  new  set  of  detail  drawings  for  these  joints  because 
the  tracings  were  getting  worn  so  badly  that  it  was  impossible  to  make  good 
blue  prints  from  them.  It  seemed  that  this  would  be  a  good  time  to  make  any 
changes 'in  design  which  might  be  desirable  on  account  of  variations  in  boiler- 
shop  practices  and  customs,  so  we  wrote  to  several  boiler-makers,  asking  for 
copies  of  the  tables  which  they  were  using  and  inviting  suggestions  for  changes. 
In  practically  every  case  the  boiler-maker  returned  a  nearly  exact  copy  of  the 
standards  which  we  had  adopted  years  before  and  no  suggestions  were  offered 
for  any  radical  changes.  In  making  the  new  drawings,  however,  we  simplified 
the  designs  in  some  cases  by  eliminating  some  of  the  small  fractions  of  an  inch 
in  pitch  dimensions,  and  in  some  of  the  designs  we  had  to  increase  the  back- 
pitch  slightly  to  comply  with  the  requirements  of  the  A.  S.  M.  E.  Boiler  Code. 

The  tables  which  follow  on  Pages  7  to  13  show  the  various  standard  types 
of  riveted  joints  with  complete  dimensions  and  with  efficiencies  computed  in 
accordance  with  our  usual  practice  as  outlined  on  Page  5.  Detail  drawings  are 
available  for  all  of  the  butt-joint  designs. 

Designs  are  included  for  lap-joints  though  we  seldom  use  this  style  of  joint 
for  longitudinal  seams  except  in  the  cases  of  small  vessels  or  vessels  which  will 
not  be  subjected  to  heat.  Special  designs  will  be  found  on  Pages  14  and  15  for 
lap-joints  to  be  used  in  circumferential  seams. 


The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Ste  am  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


7 


DOUBLE-RIVETED  BUTT-JOINTS 


Typical  Details  of  Design. 


(See  table  below  for  dimensions,  efficiencies,  etc.) 


Thickness 

of 

Plate 

Thickness 

of 

Straps 

Diameter 

of 

Rivet  Hole 

Efficiency 

% 

Long 

Pitch 

Short 

Pitch 

A 

B 

C 

E 

A" 

A" 

nAs" 

82.8 

4" 

2" 

SA" 

4  A" 

l  As" 

2H" 

W 

A 

'As" 

82.8 

4" 

2" 

8  A* 

4X" 

l  As" 

2  A" 

As" 

9.4" 

'As" 

■  81.9 

4  A" 

2  A" 

9  A" 

5" 

l  A" 

2As" 

n/32" 

1 As " 

81.9 

4  A" 

2A" 

9A" 

5" 

l  A" 

2  As" 

H” 

As' 

' As " 

81.9 

4  A" 

2  A" 

9As" 

5" 

l  A" 

2  As" 

'W 

As" 

'As" 

81.9 

4  A" 

2  A" 

9A" 

5" 

1  A" 

2  As" 

As" 

Vs" 

'As" 

81.3 

5" 

2  A" 

11  A" 

5  A" 

lAs" 

2  A" 

H" 

'As" 

81.3 

5" 

2  A" 

nA" 

5  A" 

lAs" 

2  A" 

A" 

‘As" 

'As" 

81.3 

5" 

2  A" 

11  A* 

5  A" 

l  As" 

2  A" 

NOTE — All  joints  in  the  above  table  fail  by  tearing  the  plate  between  rivet 
holes  in  the  outer  naw. 

For  convenience  in  driving  rivets  the  back-pitch  (dimension  E)  may  be 
increased,  if  desired,  without  affecting  the  joint  efficiency,  but  it  should  not 
be  decreased. 


8 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


TRIPLE-RIVETED  BUTT-JOINTS 


External  View 


Typical  Details  of  Design 


I"  or  dimensions,  efficiencies,  etc.,  see  table  on  opposite  page. 


The  H  a  r  tf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  I  ns  p  ection  and  Insurance  Co 


9 


TRIPLE-RIVETED  BUTT-JOINTS 


Table  of  Dimensions  and  Efficiencies 


(Letters  refer  to  sketch  on  opposite  page.) 


Thickness 

of 

Plate 

Thickness 

of 

Straps 

Diameter 

of 

Rivet  Hole 

Efficiency 

% 

* 

Long 

Pitch 

Short 

Pitch 

A 

B 

c 

D 

E 

4" 

4" 

“4" 

87.5 

54" 

24" 

12" 

734" 

1  Vie" 

14" 

24" 

94" 

X" 

n4t 

87 . 5 

54" 

234" 

12" 

734" 

1  He" 

14" 

24" 

4o" 

4" 

134" 

87.5 

64" 

34" 

134" 

834" 

1  4" 

14" 

2Vfe" 

n4" 

At 

134" 

87.5 

64" 

34" 

134" 

84" 

1  4" 

14" 

24" 

4" 

*At 

134" 

88.4 

7" 

34" 

134" 

84" 

1  4" 

14" 

2  Vie" 

134" 

134" 

88.4 

7" 

34" 

134" 

834" 

1  4" 

14" 

2  Vie" 

W 

4" 

154" 

87.9 

7  4" 

34" 

154" 

94" 

1  Vie" 

2" 

24" 

H" 

154" 

87.9 

74" 

34" 

154" 

94" 

1  74e" 

2" 

234" 

4" 

W 

154" 

88.3 

8" 

4" 

154" 

94" 

1  74e" 

2"  • 

234" 

11  At 

74e" 

154" 

88.3 

8" 

4" 

154" 

934" 

1  Vfe" 

2" 

234" 

%" 

74e" 

1  At 

86.7 

8" 

4" 

17" 

11" 

1  4" 

24" 

3" 

194" 

4" 

l  14" 

86.7 

8" 

4" 

17" 

11" 

1  4" 

24" 

3" 

4" 

4" 

1  14" 

86.7 

8" 

4" 

17" 

11" 

1  4" 

24" 

3" 

4" 

l  14" 

86.7 

8" 

4" 

17" 

11" 

1  34" 

24" 

3" 

nAc>" 

4" 

l  Vie" 

85.6 

84" 

44" 

184" 

12" 

l134e" 

23/6" 

34" 

234>" 

X” 

1  14" 

85.6 

84" 

44" 

184" 

12" 

I’Vfe" 

24" 

34" 

4" 

,  4" 

l  *4" 

85.5 

84" 

44" 

184" 

12" 

1 134e" 

24" 

.  34" 

254>" 

%" 

1  14" 

84.6 

84" 

44" 

204" 

134" 

2" 

24" 

34" 

nAt 

9fe" 

i  4" 

84.6 

8  X" 

44" 

20  4" 

134" 

2" 

24" 

34" 

21At 

9/'' 

-'16 

1  14" 

84.2 

84" 

44" 

204" 

134" 

2" 

24" 

34" 

4" 

4" 

1  54"* 

84.1 

84" 

434" 

204" 

134" 

2" 

24" 

34" 

294" 

4" 

l  14" 

83.6 

834" 

44" 

204" 

134" 

2" 

24" 

34" 

154e" 

l%" 

l  14" 

83.7 

9" 

44" 

204" 

134" 

2" 

24" 

34" 

3 14" 

nA&" 

1  14" 

83.2 

9" 

44" 

204" 

134" 

2" 

24" 

34" 

r 

X" 

l  14" 

83.4 

94" 

44" 

22" 

14  4" 

9  3/  " 

^  /16 

24" 

34" 

NOTE — Joints  for  plate  thicknesses  from  2%"  to  1"  (both  inclusive)  fail  by 
tearing  the  plate  between  rivet  holes  in  the  second  row  and  shearing  a  rivet  in 
the  outer  row;  this  also  applies  to  the  joint  for  the  Y"  plate.  All  other  joints  in 
the  above  table  fail  by  tearing  the  plate  between  rivet  holes  in  the  outer  row. 

For  convenience  in  driving  rivets,  either  of  the  dimensions  for  back-pitch 
(D  and  E)  may  be  increased  without  affecting  the  joint  efficiency,  but  they 
should  not  be  decreased. 


10 


The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


QUADRUPLE-RIVETED  BUTT-JOINTS 


External  View 


Typical  Details  of  Design 


For  dimensions,  efficiencies,  etc.,  see  table  on  opposite  page. 


The  H artf or d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


11 


QUADRUPLE-RIVETED  BUTT-JOINTS 
Table  of  Dimensions  and  Efficiencies 


Thick¬ 

ness 

of 

Plate 

Thick¬ 

ness 

of 

Straps 

Diam. 

of 

Rivet 

Hole 

Effici¬ 

ency 

% 

Long 

Pitch 

Middle 

Pitch 

Short 

Pitch 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

X" 

X" 

XVY 

93.8 

11" 

5X" 

2X" 

16X" 

7X" 

1  Ye" 

IX" 

2X" 

2  X" 

\Y 

X" 

lYe" 

93.8 

11" 

5  X" 

2X" 

16X" 

7X" 

1  Ye" 

IX" 

2YY 

2  X" 

VY 

94" 

lYe" 

93.8 

13" 

6  X" 

3X" 

18X" 

8X" 

1  X" 

i  YY 

2VY 

2  X" 

XVY 

vy 

xYe" 

93.8 

13" 

6X" 

3X" 

18  YY 

8X" 

1  X" 

l  YY 

2VY 

2  X" 

YY 

Ye" 

lYe" 

94.2 

14" 

7" 

3X" 

19X" 

8X" 

1  X" 

1  YY 

We" 

2  X" 

XVY 

Ye" 

lYe" 

94.2 

14" 

7" 

3X" 

19X" 

8X" 

l  X" 

IYY 

We" 

2  X" 

Ye" 

H" 

lYe" 

94.0 

15X" 

7X" 

3  VY 

21  YY 

9X" 

1  Ye" 

2" 

2X" 

3  VY 

XW 

H" 

lYe" 

94.0 

15X" 

7X" 

3  VY 

21  YY 

9X" 

1  Ye" 

2" 

2X" 

3  VY 

X" 

Ye" 

xYe" 

94.1 

16" 

8" 

4" 

21 X" 

9  X" 

1  Ye" 

2" 

2X" 

3  VY 

VY 

Ye" 

XVY 

94.1 

16" 

8" 

4" 

21  YY 

9X" 

1  Ye" 

2" 

2X" 

3  YY 

Ye" 

Ye" 

lYe" 

94.1 

16" 

8" 

4" 

21 X" 

9X" 

1  Ye" 

2" 

23X" 

3  VY 

l*h” 

X" 

1  Ye" 

93.4 

16" 

8" 

4" 

23X" 

11" 

1  X" 

2X" 

3" 

3  VY 

YY 

X" 

1  Ye" 

93.4 

16" 

8" 

4" 

23  VY 

11" 

1  YY 

2X" 

3" 

3  VY 

X" 

1  Ye" 

93.4 

16" 

8" 

4" 

23  YY 

11" 

1  YY 

2X" 

3" 

3  VY 

1  Ye" 

X" 

1  Ye" 

92.8 

16X" 

8X" 

4X" 

25  X" 

12" 

We" 

2X" 

3X" 

3  VY 

2VY 

X" 

1  Ye" 

92.8 

16X" 

8X" 

4X" 

25X" 

12" 

We" 

2  YY 

3X" 

3  VY 

YY 

X" 

1  Ye" 

92.7 

16X" 

8X" 

'  4X" 

25X" 

12" 

We" 

2YY 

3X" 

3  VY 

Ye" 

1  Ye" 

92.3 

17" 

8X" 

4X" 

2,1  YY 

13X" 

2" 

2  YY 

3X" 

3XVY 

lYe" 

*16 

1  Ye" 

92.3 

17" 

8X" 

4X" 

.21  YY 

13X" 

2" 

2  YY 

3X" 

3134" 

Ye" 

1  Ye" 

91.8 

17" 

8X" 

4X" 

21  YY 

13X" 

2" 

2  YY 

3X" 

3  XVY 

YY 

YY- 

1  Ye" 

91.2 

17  YY 

8X" 

4X" 

28" 

13  X" 

2" 

2  YY 

3X" 

3  VY 

YY 

YY 

1  Ye" 

90.5 

17  X* 

8X" 

4X" 

28" 

13X" 

2" 

2  YY 

3X" 

3  YY 

XVY 

xYe" 

1  Ye" 

90.1 

18" 

9" 

4X" 

28X" 

13X" 

2" 

2  YY 

3X" 

3WY 

3VY 

lYe" 

1  Ye" 

89.5 

18" 

9" 

4  X" 

28  YY 

13X" 

2" 

2  YY 

3X" 

3  XVY 

1" 

X"  ’ 

1  Ye" 

90.2 

19" 

9X" 

4X" 

30  X" 

14X" 

2  Ye" 

2  YY 

3X" 

4  X" 

l  W 

X" 

1  Ye" 

89.6 

19" 

9X" 

4X" 

30X" 

14  X" 

2  Ye" 

2  YY 

3X" 

4  X" 

1  Ye" 

X" 

1  Ye" 

89.0 

19" 

9X" 

4X" 

30X" 

14X" 

2  Ye" 

2  YY 

3X" 

4  X" 

l  VY 

X" 

1  Ye" 

88.5 

19" 

9  X" 

4X" 

30X" 

14X" 

2  Ye" 

2  YY 

3X" 

4  X" 

1  X" 

X" 

1  Ye" 

88.0 

19" 

9X" 

4X" 

30X" 

14X" 

2  Ye" 

2  YY 

3X" 

4  X" 

1  VY 

X" 

1  Ye" 

87.5 

19" 

9X" 

4X// 

30  YY 

14X" 

2  Ye" 

2  YY 

3X" 

4  X" 

1  Ye" 

VY 

1  Ye" 

87.7 

20" 

10" 

5" 

30X" 

14  X" 

2  Ye" 

2  YY 

3X" 

4  VY 

1  VY 

lYe" 

1  Ye 

87.2 

20" 

10" 

5" 

30X" 

14  X" 

2  Ye" 

2  YY 

3X" 

4  VY 

l  X" 

VY 

'  1  Ye" 

86.8 

20" 

10" 

5" 

30  YY 

14X" 

2  Ye" 

2  YY 

3X" 

4  VY 

NOTE — Joints  for  plate  thicknesses  from  to  1  yA"  (both  inclusive)  fail 
by  tearing  the  plate  between  rivet  holes  in  the  third  row  and  shearing  the  rivets 
in  the  two  outer  rows;  this  also  applies  to  the  joint  for  the  Ti"  plate.  All  other 
joints  in  the  above  table  fail  by  tearing  the  plate  between  rivet  holes  in  the 
outer  row. 

For  convenience  in  driving  rivets,  any  of  the  dimensions  for  back-pitch 
(dimensions  D,  E,  and  F)  may  be  increased,  if  desired,  without  affecting  the  joint 
efficiency,  but  they  should  not  be  decreased. 


12  The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


SINGLE-RIVETED  LAP-JOINTS 


Typical  Details  of  Design 


(See  table  below  for  dimensions,  efficiencies,  etc.) 


Thickness 
of  Plate 

Diameter  of 
Rivet  Holes 

Efficiency  % 

Pitch 

A 

Method  of 
Failure 

X" 

60.7 

IX" 

l%" 

T.  P. 

lW 

60.3 

IX" 

lWe" 

S.  R. 

134" 

59.4 

2" 

IX" 

T.  P. 

UA" 

59.4 

2" 

IX" 

T.  P. 

X" 

1SA" 

58.3 

2X" 

T.  P. 

w 

l%" 

58.3 

2X" 

m* 

T.  P. 

W' 

i  %" 

57.5 

2X" 

IX" 

T.  P. 

UA* 

i  %>" 

57.5 

2X" 

IX" 

T.  P. 

y*" 

i  w 

56.7 

2X" 

IX" 

S.  R. 

NOTE — In  the  column  headed  “Method  of  Failure,”  “T.  P.”  indicates  that 
the  joint  will  fail  by  tearing  the  plate  in  the  net  section  between  rivet  holes; 
“S.  R.”  means  that  the  failure  will  be  due  to  shearing  rivets. 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


13 


DOUBLE-RIVETED  LAP-JOINTS 


Typical  Details  of  Design 


(See  table  below  for  dimensions,  efficiencies,  etc.) 


Thickness  of 
Plate 

Diameter  of 
Rivet  Holes 

Efficiency 

% 

Pitch 

A 

B 

A" 

69.5 

2^" 

l%" 

l  A" 

Ik" 

1We" 

69.5 

2X" 

IWe" 

l  A" 

A," 

69.1 

2H" 

1A" 

1 H" 

69.1 

2H" 

1A" 

1H" 

H" 

68.9 

3" 

VAS 

2" 

'AS 

154" 

68.9 

3" 

w 

2" 

W 

l  W 

68.5 

sy&" 

1H" 

2A" 

154" 

l  W 

68.5 

1H" 

2As" 

K" 

1  %" 

68.5 

3  H” 

l  H" 

2'A" 

NOTE — All  joints  described  by  the  above  table  will  fail  by  tearing  the 
plate  in  the  net  section  between  rivet  holes. 


14 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


LAP-RIVETED  JOINTS  FOR  GIRTH  SEAMS  OF  HORIZONTAL 

TUBULAR  BOILERS 


In  cases  like  that  usually  found  in  horizontal  tubular  boilers  where  50% 
or  more  of  the  load  which  would  act  on  an  unstayed  solid  head  of  the  same 
diameter  as  the  shell,  is  relieved  by  the  effect  of  tubes  or  through  stays,  the 
strength  of  the  circumferential  joints  in  the  shell  should  be  at  least  35%  of  that 
required  for  the  longitudinal  joints;  and  when  such  circumferential  joints  are 
exposed  to  the  products  of  combustion,  the  shearing  strength  of  the  rivets  should 
be  not  less  than  50%  of  the  full  strength  of  the  plate  corresponding  to  the  thick¬ 
ness  at  the  joint.  The  following  table  of  single-riveted  lap-joints  is  designed  to 
meet  the  above  conditions,  using  rivets  of  the  same  size  as  those  in  our  standard 
designs  for  butt-joints.  We  do  not  advise  the  use  of  plates  thicker  than 
when  the  girth  seams,  under  pressure,  are  exposed  to.  the  fire  or  products  of  com¬ 
bustion  and  the  table  is  therefore  not  extended  beyond  this  limit. 


Thickness 
of  Plate 

Diameter  of 

Rivet  Holes 

Pitch  of  Rivets 

'  \ 

Efficiency 

1  of  Joint 

Shearing  Strength  of 
Rivets  in  per  cent  of 
Solid  Plate 

K" 

IK" 

60.7 

67.9 

u/6" 

IK" 

60.3 

60.3 

x*4" 

IK" 

56.7 

70.8 

134" 

IK" 

56.7 

64.4 

K" 

IK" 

56 . 7 

59 . 1 

134" 

IK" 

54.5 

54.5 

W 

15/fc" 

2K" 

55.9 

59.4 

'W 

15Te" 

2K" 

55.4 

55.4 

K" 

154" 

2K" 

52.0 

52.0 

'■bo" 

2  Kg" 

50.4 

50.4 

%" 

1  %" 

2K" 

53.3 

53.3 

In  portions  of  girth  seams  which  will  be  subjected  to  the  hot  fire,  the  rivet¬ 
ing  should  be  started  at  the  bottom  of  the  boiler  and  carried  up  continuously 
on  both  sides,  reaming  the  holes  anew  as  the  seam  is  riveted  up  to  the  full 
diameter  of  the  boiler. 


I 


15 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


LAP-RIVETED  JOINTS  FOR  GIRTH  SEAMS  OF  CYLINDRICAL 
VESSELS  WITH  SOLID  UNSTAYED  HEADS 

In  horizontal  tubular  boilers,  tanks  and  similar  vessels  it  is  customary  for 
the  sake  of  convenience,  to  use  the  same  size  of  rivets  in  the  girth  seams  as  in 
the  longitudinal  seams.  Where  the  heads  of  such  vessels  are  not  stayed  by  tubes 
or  through  braces  the  strength  of  the  circumferential  joints  should  be  at  least 
50%  of  that  required  for  the  longitudinal  joints  of  the  vessel.  The  joints  in  the 
table  below  are  designed  to  meet  the  above  requirements  and  it  should  be  under¬ 
stood  that  a  higher  efficiency  could  be  obtained  in  some  instances  by  using  a 
different  size  of  rivets.  It  is  assumed  in  each  case  that  the  efficiency  of  the 
corresponding  longitudinal  joint  is  not  greater  than  that  of  our  standard  design 
for  Quadrupled-Riveted  Butt-Joints  as  shown  on  Page  11. 


Thickness 
of  Plate 

Diameter  of 
Rivet  Holes 

Single-Riveted  Lap  Joints 

Double-Riveted  Lap  Joints 

Pitch  of  Rivets 

Efficiency  of  Joint 

Pitch  of  Rivets 

Efficiency  of  Joint 

K" 

u4" 

IK" 

60.7 

94" 

u4" 

IK" 

60.3 

54" 

134" 

IK" 

56.7 

“K" 

134" 

IK" 

56.7 

H" 

134" 

IK" 

56.7 

i34" 

134" 

IK" 

54.5 

74" 

154" 

2  K" 

55.9 

,54" 

2K" 

55.4 

K" 

15-4" 

2K" 

52.0 

174" 

154" 

2 14" 

50.4 

3" 

68.8 

9  ,6" 

1  Kb" 

2K" 

53.3 

3K" 

67.3 

19 

*32 

1  Wb"  > 

3K" 

67.3 

K" 

l  14" 

3K" 

67.3 

214" 

1  14" 

3K" 

66 . 5 

u4" 

l  %* 

3K" 

68.3 

2S4" 

1  Vb" 

3K" 

65.8 

K" 

l  34" 

3K" 

63.0 

254" 

i  54" 

4" 

67.2 

134" 

l  %!' 

4" 

66.6 

274" 

1  54" 

4" 

64.1 

K" 

1  54" 

4" 

61.9 

29  4" 

1  54" 

4" 

59.7 

154" 

l  14" 

4" 

57.7 

3  *4" 

l  54" 

4" 

55.9 

l" 

l  74" 

4  K" 

57.7 

l  14" 

l  74" 

4K" 

56.0 

i  Kb" 

l  74" 

4K" 

54.3 

l  3  4" 

1  74" 

4K" 

52. S 

i  k" 

l  74" 

4K" 

51.3 

l  /4" 

l  74" 

4K" 

49.9 

1  34" 

l  74" 

4K" 

48.6 

l  w 

1  74" 

4K" 

47.4 

1  K" 

l  14" 

4K" 

46.2 

ALLOWABLE  WORKING  PRESSURES  ON  CYLINDRICAL  SHELLS 


16 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


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17 


The  H artf or d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


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# 

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Arrangement  Of  Tubes  And  Braces  In  60  Inch  Horizontal  Tubular  Boilers 


18  The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


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Arrangement  Of  Tubes  And  Braces  In  72  Inch  Horizontal  Tubular  Boilers 


The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co.  19 


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176-3"  Tubes  138-3^"  Tubes  108-4"  Tub 

Arrangement  Of  Tubes  And  Braces  In  84  Inch  Horizontal  Tubular  Boilers 


20  The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


AREAS  TO  BE  STAYED  IN  HEADS  OF  HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR 

BOILERS 


A 

| 

> 


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The  diagram  above  shows  a  typical  layout  of  tubes  in  the  head  of  a  hori¬ 
zontal  tubular  boiler,  the  areas  which  require  bracing  being  indicated  by  shading. 
The  distance  of  two  inches  (2")  from  the  tubes  where  bracing  is  not  required  is 
taken  as  a  constant  for  all  sizes  of  boilers,  all  pressures  and  all  head  thicknesses 
but  the  distance  supported  by  the  flange  of  the  head  (indicated  by  the  letter  d) 
is  dependent  upon  the  pressure  and  the  thickness  of  the  head  in  each  case. 
Values  of  d  may  be  determined  from  the  following  table  which  is  based  on  the 
formula: 

d_«i 

vp 

where  d  =  unstayed  distance  from  shell  in  inches. 

P  =  maximum  allowable  working  pressure  in  pounds  per  sq.  in. 

T  =  number  of  sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  head  thickness  (T  =  8  for  head, 
9  for  head,  etc.) 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


21 


AREAS  TO  BE  STAYED  IN  HEADS  OF  HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR 

BOILERS— (Continued) 


Value  of  d  or  Distance  Supported  by  Flange  of  Head 


Wrkng 
Pres. — 


Thickness  of  Head  (Inches) 


ids.  per 
sq.  in. 

H 

14 

K 

% 

H 

n4 

V* 

134 

V* 

1.0 

50 

4.24 

4.95 

5.66 

6.36 

7.07 

7.78 

8.49 

9.19 

9.90 

10.61 

11.31 

60 

3.87 

4.52 

5.16 

5.81 

6.46 

7.10 

7.75 

8.39 

9.04 

9.68 

10.33 

70 

3.59 

4.18 

4.78 

5.38 

5.98 

6.57 

7.17 

7.77 

8.37 

8.96 

9.56 

SO 

3.35 

3.91 

4.47 

5.03 

5.59 

6.15 

6.71 

7.27 

7.83 

8.39 

8.94 

90 

3.16 

3.69 

4.22 

4.74 

5.27 

5.80 

6.33 

6.85 

7.38 

7.91 

8.43 

100 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

5.50 

6.00 

6.50 

7.00 

7.50 

8.00 

110 

2.86 

3.33 

3.81 

4.29 

4.77 

5.24 

5.72 

6.20 

6.67 

7.15 

7.63 

120 

2.75 

3.21 

3.66 

4.12 

4.58 

5.04 

5.50 

5.96 

6.42 

6.88 

7.33 

125 

2.68 

3.13 

3.58 

4.03 

4.47 

4.92 

5.37 

5.81 

6.26 

6.71 

7.16 

130 

2.63 

3.07 

3.50 

3.95 

4.38 

4.82 

5.26 

5.70 

6.14 

6.57 

7.00 

140 

2.53 

2.95 

3.38 

3.80 

4.22 

4.64 

5.07 

5.49 

5.91 

6.33 

6.76 

150 

2.45 

2.85 

3.26 

3.67 

4.08 

4.49 

4.90 

5.31 

5.71 

6.12 

6.53 

160 

2.37 

2.77 

3.16 

3.56 

3.95 

4.35 

4.74 

5.14 

5.53 

5.93 

6.32 

170 

2.30 

2.68 

.  3.06 

3.44 

3.83 

4.22 

4.60 

4.98 

5.37 

5.75 

6.13 

180 

2.23 

2.60 

2.98 

3.35 

3.72 

4.10 

4.47 

4.84 

5.21 

5.59 

5.96 

190 

2.17 

2.54 

2.90 

3.26 

3.63 

3.99 

4.35 

4.72 

5.08 

5.44 

5.80 

200 

2.12 

2.47 

2.83 

3.18 

3.54 

3.89 

4.24 

4.59 

4.95 

5.30 

5.66 

The  outside  radius  of  the  flange  of  the  head  may  be  used  for  d  if  such  radius 
is  greater  than  the  value  given  in  the  above  table  for  the  required  pressure  and 
thickness  of  head,  except  that  the  value  obtained  in  this  manner  must  not  be 
greater  than  eight  (8)  times  the  thickness  of  the  head. 

Referring  again  to  the  diagram  on  Page  20,  the  area  of  the  rectangle  shown 
by  the  wide  cross-hatching  can  be  easily  determined  from  its  length  and  width 
and  the  area  of  either  segment  can  be  calculated  from  the  formula 

.  4(H-d-2)2  /  2(R-d)  77no 

Area~  3  V  (H-d-2)  °'608 

where  H  =  distance  from  top  (or  bottom)  of  tubes  to  shell  in  inches. 

R  =  radius  of  the  boiler  head  in  inches, 
d  =  unstayed  distance  from  shell  in  inches. 

Our  Engineering  Department  can  furnish  blue-prints  of  a  table  giving  areas 
of  segments  based  on  this  formula  for  different  values  of  the  two  terms  (H-d-2) 
and  (R-d)  but  the  table  is  too  large  to  print  conveniently  in  a  book  of  this  size. 
On  the  following  page,  however,  will  be  found  a  table  giving  areas  of  segments 
for  cases  where  d  (as  defined  above)  is  equal  to  three  inches  (3").  It  will  be 
found  that  the  calculated  value  of  d  is  usually  greater  than  3  inches  and,  in 
such  cases,  the  areas  given  in  the  table  will  therefore  be  somewhat  larger  than 
actually  required  so  that  they  will  be  on  the  safe  side. 


22  The  H artf or d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


AREAS  TO  BE  STAYED  IN  HEADS  OF  HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR 

BOILERS— (Concluded) 

Table  Showing  Net  Areas  of  Segments  of  Heads  Where  d  (as  defined  on 
Pages  20  and  21)  is  Equal  to  Three  Inches  (3") 


Height 

from 

Tubes 

to 

Diameter  of  Boiler  (Inches) 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

7S 

84 

90 

96 

Shell, 

(Ins.) 

Area  to  be  stayed,  Sq.  In. 

8 

28 

33 

37 

40 

43 

47 

51 

53 

55 

58 

60 

63 

65 

8  K 

35 

41 

46 

51 

55 

59 

63 

66 

70 

74 

76 

80 

82 

9 

42 

49 

56 

62 

67 

72 

76 

82 

86 

90 

92 

95 

98 

9K 

50 

58 

66 

70 

80 

86 

91 

96 

101 

105 

111 

116 

119 

10 

57 

68 

77 

85 

93 

99 

106 

112 

117 

123 

129 

132 

137 

10K 

66 

78 

89 

98 

107 

114 

123 

131 

135 

142 

147 

153 

160 

11 

74 

88 

100 

111 

121 

130 

138 

147 

155 

161 

169 

174 

183 

11 K 

83 

99 

112 

124 

137 

146 

156 

165 

173 

181 

189 

196 

204 

12 

91 

109 

125 

139 

151 

163 

174 

184 

194 

203 

213 

219 

230 

12K 

120 

138 

153 

167 

180 

193 

204 

216 

224 

234 

243 

252 

13 

132 

151 

168 

183 

197 

211 

224 

235 

247 

256 

267 

279 

13K 

143 

164 

183 

200 

216 

230 

246 

258 

270 

282 

293 

302 

14 

155 

178 

199 

217 

234 

250 

266 

280 

294 

305 

319 

331 

14^ 

167 

192 

215 

235 

254 

271 

287 

303 

318 

333 

345 

360 

15 

178 

206 

231 

252 

273 

291 

309 

326 

343 

357 

372 

386 

15K 

220 

247 

271 

291 

312 

332 

350 

368 

382 

400 

417 

16'  " 

235 

263 

289 

312 

334 

355 

374 

394 

411 

423 

443 

16^ 

249 

281 

308 

332 

357 

380 

399 

420 

436 

457 

475 

17' 

264 

297 

326 

353 

378 

402 

425 

447 

467 

486 

502 

17K 

314 

345 

374 

400 

426 

449 

471 

494 

516 

536 

18'  " 

331 

365 

396 

424 

450 

476 

500 

520 

543 

564 

18U 

349 

384 

417 

448 

476 

501 

526 

552 

577 

598 

19 

366 

404 

439 

470 

500 

529 

555 

580 

604 

631 

19K 

►  •  •  • 

384 

424 

461 

496 

528 

558 

584 

613 

641 

663 

20 ' 

401 

444 

483 

519 

552 

583 

613 

642 

667 

699 

20  K 

464 

505 

543 

578 

613 

643 

675 

706 

729 

21 

485 

528 

568 

604 

640 

673 

705 

733 

766 

21K 

505 

551 

594 

632 

669 

703 

739 

766 

797 

22' 

526 

574 

618 

658 

697 

734 

769 

800 

835 

22  K 

597 

643 

687 

726 

765 

800 

835 

867 

23 

620 

668 

713 

754 

796 

830 

869 

906 

23  K 

642 

695 

740 

784 

827 

866 

904 

945 

24' 

667 

719 

768 

814 

859 

897 

939 

978 

24  K 

689 

745 

797 

843 

892 

934 

975 

1018 

25 

714 

771 

825 

875 

922 

966 

1010 

1051 

25  K 

737 

798 

855 

907 

956 

1003 

1047 

1092 

26' 

761 

824 

882 

936 

987 

1035 

1083 

1126 

26K 

850 

909 

968 

1024 

1073 

1120 

1167 

27 

877 

939 

998 

1053 

1106 

1157 

1202 

27  K 

904 

968 

1030 

1089 

1145 

1195 

1243 

28' 

.  .930 

997 

1060 

1120 

1177 

1232 

1279 

28  K 

1028 

1092 

1157 

1211 

1270 

1321 

29 

1056 

1123 

1187 

1248 

1305 

1360 

29  K 

1084 

1155 

1221 

1284 

1347 

1400 

30 

1115 

1187 

1255 

1321 

1382 

1442 

30K 

1218 

1290 

1358 

1424 

1480 

31 

1252 

1324 

1394 

1459 

1523 

31K 

1286 

1359 

1433 

1496 

1561 

32 

1317 

1394 

1467 

1538 

1605 

32K 

1430 

1508 

1575 

1650 

33 

1465 

1542 

1617 

1687 

33  K 

1500 

1578 

1655 

1733 

34 

1536 

1617 

1695 

1770 

34  K 

1654 

1735 

1816 

35 

1692 

1775 

1856 

35H 

1810 

1900 

36 

1857 

1941 

36K 

1984 

37 

2026 

The  H  ar  tf  or  d  Ste  am  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co.  23 


PROPORTIONS  OF  DIAGONAL  CROWFOOT  STAYS 

Diagonal  crowfoot  stays  should  be  made  of  solid,  weldless  mild  steel.  Each 
branch  of  a  crowfoot  should  be  designed  to  carry  two-thirds  of  the  total 
load  for  which  the  stay  is  designed,  the  fulfilment  of -this  requirement  being 
proved  by  tests,  if  necessary.  To  develop  the  full  strength  of  a  stay,  the  com¬ 
bined  cross-sectional  area  of  the  two  rivets  at  each  end  should  be  at  least  one  and 
one-quarter  (lf4)  times  the  cross-sectional  area  of  the  body  of  the  stay.  The 
net  cross-sectional  area  through  the  center  of  each  rivet  hole  in  the  blade  of  the 
stay  should  also  be  at  least  equal  to  one  and  one-quarter  (1}4)  times  the  cross- 
sectional  area  of  the  body  of  the  stay,  and  the  net  area  through  the  center  of 
each  rivet  hole  in  the  crowfoot  should  be  at  least  one-half  (}4)  of  the  net  area 
through  a  rivet  hole  in  the  blade.  The  following  table  has  been  calculated  to 
meet  the  above  requirements. 


Diameter 

Cross-sectional  area 

Minimum  Diam. 

Minimum  cross-sectional 

Minimum  cross-sectional 

of  stay 

of  body  of  stay 

of  rivet  holes 

area  at  A-A 

area  at  B-B 

1 H* 

0.9940  sq.  in. 

15Ae" 

1 . 2425  sq.  in. 

1.3844  “  “ 

0 . 6213  sq.  in.. 

1%" 

1.1075  “  “ 

1" 

0.6922  “  “ 

IJ4" 

1.2272  “  “ 

1" 

1.5340  “  “ 

0.7670  “  “ 

SPACING  OF  CROWFOOT  STAYS 

The  number  of  crowfoot  stays  needed  in  any  case  is  determined  by  spacing 
requirements  as  well  as  by  the  size  of  the  area  to  be  supported.  In  general  the 
spacing  should  conform  to  the  following  requirements: 

(1)  The  maximum  spacing  between  the  centers  of  rivets  attaching  the 

crowfeet  of  braces  to  the  stayed  surface  should  be  determined  by 
the  value  of  p  in  the  formula:  j  135T2 

p= V-p~ 

(2)  The  distance  between  the  edges  of  tube  holes  and  the  centers  of  rivets 

attaching  the  crowfeet  of  braces  to  the  stayed  surface  should  not 
exceed  the  value  of  p  in  the  above  formula. 

(3)  The  maximum  spacing  between  the  inner  surface  of  the  shell  and  lines 

parallel  to  the  surface  of  the  shell  passing  through  the  centers  of 
rivets  attaching  the  crowfeet  of  braces  to  the  head  should  be  deter¬ 
mined  by  the  value  of  p  in  the  formula:  /  175^2 

p=v— 

In  the  above  formulae,  P  =  maximum  allowable  working  pressure,  lbs.  per 

sq.  in. 

T  =  the  number  of  sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  the  thick¬ 
ness  of  the  stayed  surface.  (T  =  8  for  yl" 
plate,  9  for  plate,  etc.) 


24  The  H  artf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co . 


STRESSES  IN  DIAGONAL  CROWFOOT  STAYS  AND  AREAS 

SUPPORTED  THEREBY 


Because  of  the  angularity  of  diagonal  crowfoot  stays  with  reference  to  the 
direction  in  which  the  load  acts,  greater  cross-sectional  areas  are  required  than 
would  be  the  case  with  direct  stays.  If  a  is  the  required  area  of  a  direct  stay  for 
any  given  conditions  and  A  is  the  corresponding  area  for  a  diagonal  stay,  then 

A:  a  =  L:  l  or  A  =  — - — - 

L  and  l  being  measured  as  indicated  in  the  sketch  above. 

In  horizontal  tubular  boilers  L  is  usually  not  more  than  1.15  times  l  and  in 
such  cases  diagonal  stays  may  be  calculated  as  direct  stays,  allowing  ninety  per 
cent  (90%)  of  the  stress  which  would  be  permitted  for  such  stays.  For  weldless 
mild  steel  direct  stays  not  more  than  120  diameters  in  length  a  stress  of  9500 
pounds  per  square  inch  is  permissible  so  that  the  allowable  stress  for  such  diag¬ 
onal  stays  would  be  8550  pounds  per  square  inch;  this  is  usually  taken  as  8500 
pounds  for  easy  figuring.  In  any  unusual  case  the  relation  of  L  to  /  should  be 
checked  and  the  required  area  should  be  figured  from  the  formula  given  if  L  is 
greater  than  1.15  times  /.  The  following  table  has  been  calculated  to  show  the 
maximum  areas  supported  by  the  usual  sizes  of  diagonal  stays  under  various 
pressures.  It  is  based  on  a  stress  of  8500  pounds  per  square  inch  which  is  equiva¬ 
lent  to  8449  pounds  for  1  y&  inch  stays,  9414  pounds  for  l^fg  inch  stays  and  10431 
pounds  for  1  Ti  inch  stays. 

Maximum  Areas  in  Square  Inches  Supported  by  Weldless  Mild  Steel 

Diagonal  Crowfoot  Stays 


Pressure 

Lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Diameter  of  Stay 

Pressure 

Lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Diameter  of  Stay 

1 X" 

1*4" 

IX" 

IX" 

1%" 

IX" 

100 

84 

94 

104 

180 

46 

52 

58 

105 

80 

89 

99 

185 

45 

50 

56 

110 

76 

85 

94 

190 

44 

49 

54 

115 

73 

81 

90 

195 

43 

48 

53 

120 

70 

78 

87 

200 

42 

47 

52 

125 

67 

75 

83 

210 

40 

44 

49 

130 

65 

72 

80 

220 

38 

42 

47 

135 

62 

69 

77 

230 

36 

40 

45 

140 

60 

67 

74 

240 

35 

39 

43 

145 

58 

64 

72 

250 

33 

37 

41 

150 

56 

62 

69 

260 

32 

36 

40 

155 

54 

60 

67 

270 

31 

34 

38 

160 

52 

58 

65 

280 

30 

33 

37 

165 

51 

57 

63 

290 

29 

32 

36 

170 

49 

55 

61 

300 

28 

31 

34 

175 

48 

53 

59 

310 

27 

30 

33 

The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Ste  am  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co.  25 


PROPORTIONS  OF  THROUGH  STAYS 

Through  stays  should  be  upset  on  the  threaded  end  so  that  the  net  cross- 
sectional  area  at  the  root  of  the  thread  will  be  at  least  equal  to  the  cross-sectional 
area  of  the  body  of  the  stay.  The  diameter  of  the  outside  washer  should  be  at 
least  2yl  times  the  diameter  of  the  stay;  in  certain  cases  a  greater  diameter  will 
be  necessary  to  meet  spacing  requirements.  The  eye  on  the  opposite  end  of  the 
stay  should  be  made  by  upsetting  and  drilling  a  hole  for  the  pin  rather  than  by 
welding.  To  develop  the  full  strength  of  a  stay,  the  cross-sectional  area  of  the 
pin  should  be  at  least  three-fourths  (3^)  of  the  area  through  the  body  of  the  stay 
and  the  cross-sectional  area  through  the  center  of  the  eye  should  be  at  least 
twenty-five  per  cent  (25%)  greater  than  the  area  through  the  body  of  the  brace. 
The  pin  should  be  turned  to  make  a  neat  fit  in  the  hole.  The  combined  cross- 
sectional  area  of  the  rivets  attaching  each  stay  to  the  head  should  be  at  least 
twenty-five  per  cent  (25%)  greater  than  the  area  through  the  body  of  the  stay. 
The  following  table  shows  the  proportions  of  weldless  steel  through  stays  neces¬ 
sary  to  meet  the  above  requirements. 


D 

Diameter 
of  stay 

Cross-sectional 
area  of  body. 

(sq.  in.) 

U 

Diameter 
of  Upset* 

Minimum 
diameter 
of  Washer 

Diameter 
of  Pin 

Minimum 
cross-sectional 
area  at  A-A 
(sq.  in.) 

Minimum 
combined  area 
of  rivets 
(sq.  in.) 

1" 

0.7854 

IK" 

2K" 

K" 

0.9S2 

0.982 

1 X" 

0.9940 

IK" 

2K" 

1" 

1.243 

1 . 243 

IK" 

1.2272 

IK" 

3K" 

IK" 

1.534 

1.534 

l  K" 

1.4849 

IK" 

3K" 

IK" 

1.856 

1.856 

IK" 

1.7672 

IK" 

3K" 

IK" 

2.209 

2.209 

IK" 

2.0739 

2" 

4K" 

IK" 

2.592 

2.592 

IK" 

2.4053 

2K" 

4K" 

IK" 

3.007 

3.007 

IK" 

2.7612 

2K" 

.  4K" 

l— 4 

\Ol 

oo\ 

3.452 

3.452 

2" 

3.1416 

2K" 

5" 

IK" 

3.927 

3.927 

2K" 

3 . 5466 

2K" 

5  K" 

IK" 

4.433 

4.433 

2K" 

3.9761 

2K" 

5K" 

v-  2" 

4.970 

4.970 

2K" 

4.4301 

23K" 

6" 

2K" 

5.538 

5.538 

2K" 

4.9087 

3" 

6K" 

2K" 

6.136 

6.136 

*Based  on  Sellers  Standard  Threads. 


26  The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


STRESSES  IN  THROUGH  STAYS  AND  AREAS  SUPPORTED  THEREBY 

For  unwelded  steel  through-stays  the  allowable  stresses  should  be  figured 
in  accordance  with  the  following: 


Lengths  not  exceeding  120  diameters 

Lengths  exceeding  120  diameters 

Diameters  not  exceeding  IX" 

9500  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

8500  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Diameters  exceeding  1  X" 

10400  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

9000  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

On  the  above  basis  the  following  table  has  been  prepared  to  show  the  maxi¬ 
mum  areas  in  square  inches  which  can  be  supported  by  through  stays  of  different 
diameters  and  lengths  under  varying  pressures,  it  being  assumed  that  the  stays 
will  be  proportioned  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  stated  on  Page  25. 


Maximum  Areas  in  Square  Inches  Supported  by  Weldless  Steel  Through 

Stays 


Pres¬ 
sure 
(Lbs. 
per  sq. 

IX" 

Diam. 

IX" 

Diam. 

IX" 

Diam. 

IX" 

Diam. 

IX"  Diam. 

ir-3" 

Over 

12'-6" 

Over 

13'-9" 

Over 

15'-0" 

Over 

16'-3" 

Over 

in.) 

or  less 

ll'-3" 

or  less 

12'-6" 

or  less 

13'-9" 

or  less 

15'-0" 

or  less 

16'-3" 

100 

94 

84 

116 

104 

141 

126 

167 

150 

215 

186 

105 

89 

SO 

111 

99 

134 

120 

159 

143 

205 

177 

110 

85 

76 

105 

94 

128 

114 

152 

136 

196 

169 

115 

82 

73 

101 

90 

122 

109 

145 

130 

187 

162 

120 

78 

70 

97 

86 

117 

105 

139 

125 

179 

155 

125 

75 

67 

93 

83 

112 

100 

134 

120 

172 

149 

130 

72 

64 

89 

80 

108 

97 

129 

115 

165 

143 

135 

69 

62 

86 

77 

104 

93 

124 

111 

159 

138 

140 

67 

60 

83 

74 

100 

90 

119 

107 

154 

133 

145 

65 

58 

80 

71 

97 

87 

115 

103 

148 

128 

150 

62 

56 

77 

69 

94 

84 

111 

100 

143 

124 

155 

60 

54 

75 

67 

91 

81 

108 

96 

139 

120 

160 

59 

52 

72 

65 

88 

78 

104 

93 

134 

116 

165 

57 

51 

70 

63 

85 

76 

101 

91 

130 

113 

170 

55 

49 

68 

61 

82 

74 

98 

88 

126 

109 

175 

53 

48 

66 

59 

80 

72 

95 

85 

123 

106 

180 

52 

46 

64 

57 

78 

70 

93 

83 

119 

103 

185 

51 

45 

63 

56 

76 

68 

90 

81 

116 

100 

190 

49 

44 

61 

54 

74 

66 

88 

79 

113 

98 

195 

48 

43 

59 

53 

72 

64 

86 

77 

110 

95 

200 

47 

42 

58 

52 

70 

63 

83 

75 

107 

93 

210 

44 

40 

55 

49 

67 

60 

79 

71 

102 

88 

220 

42 

38 

53 

47 

64 

57 

76 

68 

98 

84 

230 

41 

36 

50 

45 

61 

54 

72 

65 

93 

81 

240 

39 

35 

48 

43 

58 

52 

69 

62 

89 

77 

250 

37 

33 

46 

41 

56 

50 

67 

60 

86 

74 

260 

36 

32 

44 

40 

54 

48 

64 

57 

82 

71 

270 

34 

31 

43 

38 

52 

46 

62 

55 

79 

69 

280 

33 

30 

41 

37 

50 

45 

59 

53 

77 

66 

290 

32 

29 

40 

35 

48 

43 

57 

51 

74 

64 

300 

31 

28 

38 

34 

47 

42 

55 

50 

71 

62 

27 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


Maximum  Areas  in  Square  Inches  Supported  by  Weldless  Steel  Through 

Stays  (Concluded) 


Pressure 
(Lbs.  per 
sq.  in.) 

124"  Diam. 

V/&"  Diam. 

2"  Diam. 

2 yi"  Diam. 

2 24"  Diam. 

17'-6" 

Over 

18'-9" 

Over 

20'-0" 

Over 

21'-3" 

Over 

22'-6" 

Over 

or  less 

17'-6" 

or  less 

18'-9" 

or  less 

20'-0" 

or  less 

21 '-3" 

or  less 

22'-6" 

100 

250 

216 

287 

248 

326 

282 

368 

319 

413 

357 

105 

238 

206 

273 

236 

311 

269 

350 

303 

393 

340 

110 

227 

196 

261 

225 

297 

257 

335 

290 

376 

325 

115 

217 

188 

249 

216 

284 

245 

320 

277 

359 

311 

120 

208 

180 

239 

207 

272 

235 

307 

265 

344 

298 

125 

200 

173 

229 

198 

261 

226 

294 

255 

330 

286 

130 

192 

166 

220 

191 

251 

217 

283 

245 

318 

275 

135 

185 

160 

212 

184 

242 

209 

273 

236 

306 

264 

140 

178 

154 

205 

177 

233 

201 

263 

227 

295 

255 

145 

172 

149 

198 

171 

225 

194 

254 

220 

285 

246 

150 

166 

144 

191 

165 

217 

188 

245 

212 

275 

238 

155 

161 

139 

185 

160 

210 

182 

237 

205 

266 

230 

160 

156 

135 

179 

155 

204 

176 

230 

199 

258 

223 

165 

151 

131 

174 

150 

198 

171 

223 

193 

250 

216 

170 

147 

127 

16S 

146 

192 

166 

216 

187 

243 

210 

175 

142 

123 

164 

142 

186 

161 

210 

182 

236 

204 

180 

138 

120 

159 

138 

181 

157 

204 

177 

229 

198 

185 

135 

116 

155 

134 

176 

152 

199 

172 

223 

193 

190 

131 

113 

151 

130 

171 

148 

194 

167 

217 

188 

195 

128 

110 

147 

127 

167 

144 

189 

163 

212 

183 

200 

125 

108 

143 

124 

163 

141 

184 

159 

206 

178 

210 

119 

103 

136 

118 

155 

134 

175 

151 

196 

170 

220 

113 

98 

130 

112 

148 

128 

167 

145 

187 

162 

230 

108 

94 

124 

108 

142 

122 

160 

138 

179 

155 

240 

104 

90 

119 

103 

136 

117 

153 

132 

172 

149 

250 

100 

86 

114 

99 

130 

113 

147 

127 

1  165 

143 

260 

96 

83 

110 

95 

125 

108 

141 

122 

159 

137 

270 

92 

80 

106 

92 

121 

104 

136 

118 

153 

132 

280 

89 

77 

102 

88 

116 

100 

131 

113 

147 

127 

290 

86 

74 

99 

85 

112 

97 

127 

110 

142 

123 

300 

83 

72 

95 

82 

108 

94 

122 

106 

137 

119 

28 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


MAXIMUM  PITCH  IN  INCHES  FOR  SCREWED  STAYBOLTS  WITH 

ENDS  RIVETED  OVER 

(For  Flat  Surfaces) 


Thickness  of  Plate  (Inches) 


Pressure 


Lbs.  per 
sq. inch 

Pi 

We 

XXA 

Pi 

u/6 

Vi 

XV4 

Pi 

'Vi 

Vi 

'% 

pi 

2V4 

XV4 

234 

25 

8  We 

30 

7  Pi 

35 

7  pi 

8  V4 

40 

6'  We 

7  pi 

8  We 

45 

6  We 

7  Vi 

7  Pi 

50 

6 

6  y 

7  Pi 

8  Pi 

55 

5'We 

6  14 

7  Pi 

7!P4 

60 

5  We 

6  ^ 

613/4 

7  Pi 

8  Vi 

65 

5  pi 

5  y 

6  Vi 

7  P4 

7  pi 

70 

5  14 

5'We 

6  We 

6'Pi 

7  Pi 

8  3/4 

75 

4 

5  pi 

6  We 

61 /4 

7  5/4 

7'We 

80 

4  y 

5  We 

5  pi 

6  Pi 

7  Pi 

7 'We 

8  Pi 

85 

4  pi 

5  Pi 

5  y 

6  '14 

6  Pi 

7  We 

8 

90 

4  We 

5 

5  ®4 

6  Pi 

6n/4 

7  Pi 

7'We 

95 

4  We 

4  pi 

5  We 

6 

6  Pi 

7  Vi 

7  pi 

8  We 

100 

4  X 

4  pi 

5  We 

5134 

6  pi 

6  pi 

7  Vi 

8  *4 

105 

4  pi 

4  pi 

5  We 

5!14 

6  3/4 

5'We 

7  Pi 

8 

110 

4 

4  % 

5  We 

5  We 

6  We 

«  Vi 

7  V4 

7'We 

8  Pi 

115 

315/4 

4  We 

4' We 

5  We 

5 'We 

6  Vi 

6  pi 

7  Pi 

8  We 

120 

3  pi 

4  Pi 

4'We 

5  We 

5'We 

6  Pi 

6  Pi 

7  K 

8 

8  Pi 

125 

3  Pi 

4  X 

4  Pi 

5  We 

5' We 

6  Pi 

6  pi 

7  Pi 

7  'We 

8  We 

130 

3'V4 

4  We 

4  pi 

5  Pi 

5  We 

6 

6  Pi 

7  3/4 

7'We 

8  We 

135 

3  pi 

4  Pi 

4  Pf6 

5 

5  Pi 

5'We 

6  pi 

7  We 

7  We 

8 

8  Pi 

140 

3  We 

4 

4  pi 

4'We 

5  Pi 

5'We 

6  We 

5'We 

7  Pi 

7  pi 

8  We 

145 

3  pi 

3l5yfi 

4  Pi 

413^6 

5  y 

5' We 

6  Pi 

5'We 

7  Pi 

7  Pi 

8  We 

150 

3  Pi 

4  P4 

4  P< 

5  We 

5  Pi 

6  Vi 

6u/4 

7  li 

7  Pi 

8  Vi 

8  Pi 

160 

3  Pi 

4  P4 

4  Pi 

5 

5  We 

5  Pi 

6  Pi 

5'We 

7  Pi 

7»Vi 

8  Pi 

170 

3  Pi 

4  14 

4  14 

4  Pi 

5  Pi 

^Vi 

6  We 

6  Pi 

7  Pi 

7  We 

8 

8  Pi 

175 

3  Pi 

4 

4  pi 

413/4 

5  We 

5  pi 

6  V4 

6  pi 

7  Vfe 

7  We 

7  pi 

8  5i 

180 

3  We 

S'We 

4  Vi 

4  Pi 

5  Pi 

5  Pi 

6  Pi 

6  Pi 

5'We 

7  Pi 

7  Pi 

8  We 

190 

313/ffi 

4  We 

4  pi 

5 

5  pi 

3'We 

6  Pi 

6  Pi 

7  Pi 

7  9  4 

7'We 

8  We 

200 

3  Pi 

4  Pi 

4  pi 

4  Pi 

5  Pi 

5'We 

6  We 

6  9/4 

6'Vi 

7  Pi 

7  Pi 

8  Pi 

210 

3  Pi 

4 

4  Pi 

4  Pi 

5  Pi 

5'We 

6  We 

6  We 

6'Vi 

7  Pi 

7  We 

715/4 

8  5/4 

220 

3  P4 

315/4 

4  Vi 

4  Pi 

5 

5  We 

5  pi 

6  Pi 

6  pi 

7 

7  Pi 

7  Pi 

8  Pi 

8  Pi 

230 

3  Pi 

313y« 

4  Vi 

4  9/4 

4  pi 

5  We 

5  Pi 

6  Pi 

6  Pi 

6  Pi 

7  Vi 

7  ?i 

7'We 

8  We 

240 

3  Pi 

4  Pi 

4  Vi 

4  Pi 

5  We 

5  Pi 

6 

6  pi 

6 'Pi 

7  Vi 

7  Vi 

7  y 

8  Pi 

250 

3u/4 

4 

4  Pi 

4'V4 

5  We 

5  Vi 

5  pi 

6  Pi 

6  9/i 

6'Vi 

7  Pi 

7  Pi 

7'Vi 

The  above  table  for  pitch  of  staybolts  on  flat  surfaces  is  based  on  the  formula: 

,-v? 


where  p  =  maximum  pitch  between  centers  of  staybolts,  inches. 

P  =  maximum  allowable  working  pressure,  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

T  =  the  number  of  sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  the  plate  thickness. 

C  =  112  for  plates  not  over  thick. 

C  =  120  for  plates  more  than  1/(§  thick. 

For  cylindrical  furnaces  which  require  staying,  the  pitch  may  be  increased 
somewhat  over  that  allowed  for  flat  surfaces,  the  formula  for  such  cases  being 


P  = 


C  T2  R 
P  R  — 250  T 


where  R  =  the  internal  radius  of  the  furnace  in  inches  and  the  other  letters 
have  the  same  significance  as  above. 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


29 


ALLOWABLE  LOADS  ON  SOLID  STAYBOLTS  WITH  12  V-THREADS 

PER  INCH  OF  LENGTH 

The  following  table  is  based  on  a  stress  of  7500  pounds  per  square  inch  of 
net  cross-sectional  area  and  is  intended  for  use  with  staybolts  less  than  twenty 
(20)  diameters  long,  screwed  through  plates,  with  ends  riveted  over.  For  use  in 
boilers  having  a  grate  area  in  excess  of  fifteen  (15)  square  feet,  it  is  recommended 
that  the  outside  ends  of  solid  staybolts  which  have  a  length  of  eight  inches  (8") 
or  less  shall  be  drilled  with  a  hole  %  inch  in  diameter  to  a  depth  of  at  least 
inch  beyond  the  inside  of  the  plate.  The  area  of  this  hole  must  be  deducted  in 
figuring  the  net  cross-sectional  area  of  the  staybolt  and  the  table  shows  the  allow¬ 
able  loads  under  this  condition  as  well  as  the  allowable  loads  for  solid  staybolts 
which  are  not  drilled.  In  each  case  the  area  is  figured  from  the  diameter  at  the 
bottom  of  the  thread. 


Diameter  of  Staybolt 
(Inches) 

Diameter  at 
Bottom  of 
Thread 
(Inches) 

AREA  AT  BOTTOM  OF  THREAD 
(square  INCHES) 

ALLOWABLE  LOAD  (LBS.) 

Not 

Drilled 

We"  Hole 
Deducted 

Not 

Drilled 

Drilled 
(We"  Hole) 

X 

0.7500 

0.6057 

0.2881 

0 . 2605 

2160 

1953 

xWe 

0.8125 

0.6682 

0 . 3507 

0.3231 

2630 

2423 

H 

0 . 8750 

0.7307 

0.4193 

0.3917 

3144 

2937 

lWe 

0.9375 

0.7932 

0.4941 

0.4665 

3705 

3498 

1 

1.0000 

0 . 8557 

0.5751 

0 . 5475 

4313 

4106 

1  We 

1.0625 

0.9182 

0 . 6622 

0 . 6346 

4966 

4759 

l  H 

1 . 1250 

0.9807 

0 . 7554 

0.7278 

5665 

5458 

1  We 

1 . 1875 

1.0432 

0.8547 

0.8271 

6410 

6203 

1  K 

1.2500 

1 . 1057 

0.9602 

0.9326 

7201 

6994 

1  We 

1.3125 

1 . 1682 

1.0718 

1.0442 

8038 

•  7831 

l  H 

1.3750 

1 . 2307 

1 . 1897 

1.1621 

8922 

8715 

1  We 

1.4375 

1 . 2932 

1.3135 

1 . 2859 

9851 

9644 

1  K 

1 . 5000 

1.3557 

1.4435 

1.4159 

10826 

10619 

To  figure  the  allowable  pressure  on  a  flat  surface  supported  by  staybolts 
the  gross  area  supported  by  each  stay  should  be  determined  from  the  full  pitch 
dimensions  and  the  net  area  can  then  be  obtained  by  deducting  the  area  occu¬ 
pied  by  the  staybolt  itself.  The  allowable  working  pressure  in  pounds  per  square 
inch  is  the  quotient  of  the  allowable  load  as  given  in  the  table  divided  by  the 
net  area  supported.  For  example:  With  1-inch  staybolts  pitched  5  inches  on 
centers  in  each  direction  the  gross  area  supported  by  each  staybolt  is  25  square 
inches  and  the  net  area  is  25  minus  0.5751=24.4249  square  inches.  If  each 
staybolt  is  drilled  with  a  ^fg-inch  hole  the  allowable  load  as  given  in  the  table 
is  4106  pounds  and  the  allowable  pressure  will  be  4106  divided  by  24.4249  or 
168  pounds  per  square  inch.  Of  course  the  spacing  and  plate  thickness  must 
conform  to  the  requirements  as  given  on  the  opposite  page  for  the  stated  pressure. 


30  i  The  H  artf  or  d  Ste  am  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


TABLES  SHOWING  THE  LEAST  ANGLE  WHICH  A  STAYBOLT  MAY 
MAKE  WITH  A  PLATE  TO  SECURE  A  GIVEN  NUMBER  OF 

FULL  THREADS 

(Based  on  V-threads,  12  to  the  inch) 


Table  1.  4  Full  Threads 


DIAMETER  OF  STAYBOLT 

of  Plate 

X" 

X" 

X" 

X" 

1" 

IX" 

IX" 

IX' 

X" 

5,4" 

H" 

90°  * 

W 

90° 

89° 

88.5° 

89.5° 

89° 

0 

00 

90° 

90° 

X" 

83° 

84° 

83° 

84° 

84° 

85° 

85° 

87° 

94" 

76° 

78° 

78° 

81° 

84° 

83° 

83° 

85° 

X" 

54° 

68° 

71° 

75° 

770 

79° 

80° 

82° 

X" 

48° 

56° 

64° 

68° 

71° 

73° 

770 

X" 

O 

cc 

<N 

51° 

60° 

64° 

67° 

72° 

1" 

30° 

48° 

61° 

60° 

64° 

Table  II.  3  Full  Threads 


DIAMETER  OF  STAYBOLT 

of  Plate 

X" 

X" 

X" 

X" 

1" 

IX" 

IX" 

IX' 

X" 

54" 

90°  * 

90° 

90° 

90°  * 

X" 

87° 

85° 

85° 

88° 

88° 

86° 

89° 

90° 

W 

80° 

80° 

82° 

84° 

85° 

83° 

85° 

88° 

X" 

70° 

72° 

75° 

79° 

80° 

80° 

83° 

85° 

%• 

62° 

66° 

71° 

75° 

78° 

78° 

80° 

82° 

X" 

55° 

63° 

69° 

71° 

71° 

77° 

78° 

X" 

46° 

59° 

64° 

65° 

70° 

73° 

X" 

43° 

55° 

5S° 

65° 

68° 

r 

42° 

48° 

57° 

61° 

Table  III.  2  Full  Threads 


DIAMETER  OF  STAYBOLT 

of  Plate 

X" 

X" 

X" 

X" 

1" 

IX" 

IX" 

IX" 

X" 

90°  * 

90° 

90°  * 

90° 

90° 

%" 

85° 

85° 

86° 

86° 

87° 

85° 

87° 

88° 

X" 

78° 

78° 

81° 

81° 

84° 

82° 

84° 

87° 

w 

69° 

73° 

76° 

78° 

80° 

79° 

82° 

83° 

X" 

57° 

65° 

69° 

72° 

74° 

75° 

78° 

81° 

*4" 

48° 

60° 

64° 

68° 

72° 

73° 

75° 

77° 

X" 

44° 

55° 

60° 

66° 

67° 

73° 

76° 

X" 

36° 

50° 

57° 

61° 

67° 

69° 

X" 

35° 

48° 

53° 

60° 

64° 

r 

35° 

44° 

52° 

57° 

An  asterisk  (*)  signifies  that  the  specified  number  of  threads  will  be  scant. 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co.  31 


SPHERICAL  HEADS,  “PLUS”  AND  “MINUS” 

(A  “Hartford”  Idea  in  Nomenclature) 

Much  confusion  has  resulted  in  the  use  of  the  terms  “bumped/’  “dished,” 
“concave”  and  “convex”  as  applied  to  spherical  heads  of  cylindrical  vessels 
such  as  boilers,  tanks,  drums,  etc.  The  terms  “bumped”  and  “dished”  are  used 
interchangeably  by  many  people  and  the  terms  “concave”  and  “convex”  are 
not  sufficiently  definite  unless  some  explanatory  phrase  is  added  to  indicate 
whether  the  observer  is  supposed  to  be  on  the  outside  looking  in,  or  on  the  inside 
looking  out.  In  the  case  of  a  head  which  curves  outwardly  from  the  shell  and 
which  is  concave  to  the  pressure,  the  volume  enclosed  by  the  head  is  added  to 
the  volume  of  the  shell,  thus  making  a  larger  vessel  than  would  be  the  case  if  a 
flat  head  were  used;  such  heads  are  called  “plus"  heads  in  our  Engineering 
Department.  Similarly,  if  a  head  is  convex  to  the  pressure,  curving  inwardly 
from  the  shell,  its  volume  will  be  subtracted  from  that  which  the  vessel  would 
have  with  a  flat  head  and  it  would  be  called  a  “minus"  head. 

The  tables  on  Pages  32,  33,  34  and  35  show  the  allowable  working  pressure 
on  spherical  heads  of  various  thicknesses  and  diameters.  The  table  for  Plus 
heads  without  manholes  is  based  on  the  formula: 

5.5XPXL.  (2 XT.  S.)  (t-  pi) 

t=  2XT.S7  +  *  °r  P= - 5^XL - 

Where  t  =  the  thickness  of  the  head  in  inches. 

P  =  the  maximum  allowable  working  pressure  in  pounds  per  sq.  in. 

T.S.  =  the  tensile  strength  of  the  steel  in  pounds  per  sq.  in.  =  55000. 

L  =  the  radius  to  which  the  head  is  bumped,  in  inches. 

Substituting  the  value  of  the  tensile  strength,  the  formula  reduces  to: 

20000t  -  2500 
L 

For  Plus  heads  containing  manholes  the  formula  is: 

(2  XT.  S.)  (t  -  yf)  _  20000  t  -  5000 
5.5  XL  ~  L 

For  Minus  heads  the  maximum  pressure  is  figured  at  sixty  per  cent  (60%) 
of  that  allowed  on  Plus  heads  of  the  same  dimensions. 

In  using  the  tables  a  radius  equal  to  at  least  eighty  per  cent  (80%)  of  the  shell 
diameter  should  be  employed  in  any  case  where  the  actual  radius  to  which  the  head 
is  bumped  or  dished  is  less  than  this  amount. 


ALLOWABLE  WORKING  PRESSURES  ON  SPHERICAL  HEADS 
Plus  Heads  (Concave  to  Pressure)  Without  Manhole 


32  The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


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See  explanatory  notes  on  Page  31. 


ALLOWABLE  WORKING  PRESSURES  ON  SPHERICAL  HEADS 
Plus  Heads  (Concave  to  Pressure)  With  Manhole 


The  H  a  r  tf  o  r  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


33 


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See  Explanatory  notes  on  Page  31. 


ALLOWABLE  WORKING  PRESSURES  ON  SPHERICAL  HEADS 
Minus  Heads  (Convex  to  Pressure)  Without  Manhole 


The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance 


[  1 

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38  The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


/ 


% 


TUBES  FOR  FIRE-TUBE  BOILERS 
Standard  Dimensions 


Outside 

Diameter 

(Inches) 

Standard 

Thickness 

(Inches) 

Birming¬ 
ham  Wire 
Gage. 
(Number)- 

Inside 

Diam. 

(Inches) 

Inside 

Circum¬ 

ference 

(Inches) 

Outside 

Circum¬ 

ference 

(Inches) 

Length 
of  Tube 
per  Sq. 
Ft.  of 
Inside 
Surface 
(Feet) 

Length 
of  Tube 
per  Sq. 
Ft.  of 
Outside 
Surface 
(Feet) 

Cross 
Sectional 
Area 
Inside 
(Sq.  In.) 

Cross 
Sectional 
Area 
Outside 
(Sq.  In.) 

Nominal 
Weight 
per  Foot. 
(Pounds) 

1 

0.072 

15 

0.85 

2.68 

3.14 

4.46 

3.81 

0.57 

0.78 

0.70 

IK 

0.072 

15 

1.10 

3.47 

3.92 

3.45 

3.05 

0.96 

1.22 

0.90 

IK 

0.083 

14 

1.33 

4.19 

4.71 

2.86 

2.54 

1.39 

1.76 

1.24 

2 

0.095 

13 

1.80 

5.66 

6.28 

2.11 

1.90 

2.55 

3.14 

1 .91 

2K 

0.109 

12 

2.28 

7.17 

7.85 

1.67 

1.52 

4.09 

4.90 

2.75 

3 

0.109 

12 

2.78 

8.74 

9.42 

1.37 

1.27 

6.08 

7.06 

3.33 

3K 

0.120 

11 

3.26 

10.24 

10.99 

1.17 

1.09 

8.35 

9.62 

4.28 

4 

0.134 

10 

3.74 

11.75 

12.56 

1.02 

0.95 

10.99 

12.56 

5.47 

4  K 

0.134 

10 

4.24 

13.32 

14.13 

0.90 

0.84 

14.12 

15.90 

6.17 

5 

0.148 

9 

4.72 

14.81 

15.70 

0.80 

0.76 

17.49 

19.63 

7.58 

6 

0.165 

8 

5.69 

17.90 

18.84 

0.67 

0.63 

25.50 

28.27 

10.16 

Tubes  of  the  standard  thicknesses  given  in  the  above  table  are  suitable  for 
pressures  up  to  175  pounds  per  square  inch.  For  higher  pressures  the  thickness 
of  tubes  should  be  increased  in  accordance  with  the  following:  For  each  increase 
of  one  gage  in  thickness  above  the  standard  gage  shown  in  the  table,  the  allow¬ 
able  working  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch  may  be  increased  by  an  amount 
equal  to  the  quotient  of  200  divided  by  the  diameter  of  the  tube  in  inches. 


The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  I  nspection  and  Insurance  Co . 


39 


TUBES  FOR  WATER  TUBE  BOILERS  AND  SUPERHEATERS 

In  water  tube  boilers  and  superheaters  the  maximum  allowable  working 
pressures  for  tubes  should  be  determined  from  the  formula: 


P  = 


18000-250 


where  P  =  maximum  allowable  working  pressure  in  pounds  per  sq.'in. 
t  =  thickness  of  tube  wall  in  inches. 

D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches. 

The  following  table,  based  on  the  above  formula,  shows  the  maximum 
allowable  working  pressures  for  tubes  of  various  diameters  and  thicknesses. 


Gage  Number  on  Birmingham  Wire  Gage 


Outside 


diameter  of 
tube,  in 
inches 

D 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

11 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

t  = 
0.058 

t  = 
0.065 

t  = 
0.072 

t  = 
0.083 

t  = 
0.095 

t  = 
0.109 

t  = 
0.120 

t  = 
0.134 

t  = 
0.148 

t  = 
0.165 

t  = 
0.180 

t  = 
0.203 

t  = 
0.220 

K 

434 

686 

938 

1334 

X 

206 

374 

542 

806 

i094 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

l 

218 

344 

542 

758 

1010 

IK 

166 

278 

454 

646 

870 

1046 

.... 

.... 

.... 

•  •  •  • 

.... 

IK 

124 

225 

383 

557 

758 

916 

1118 

.... 

•  •  •  • 

.... 

IK 

146 

278 

422 

590 

722 

890 

i058 

.... 

.... 

.... 

IK 

203 

326 

470 

583 

727 

871 

1046 

.... 

.... 

.... 

2 

146 

254 

380 

479 

605 

731 

884 

1019 

2K 

198 

310 

398 

510 

622 

758 

878 

i062 

2X 

153 

254 

333 

434 

535 

657 

765 

931 

1053 

2K 

117 

208 

280 

372 

464 

575 

673 

824 

935 

3 

170 

236 

320 

404 

506 

596 

734 

836 

3K 

199 

276 

354 

448 

531 

658 

752 

3K 

167 

238 

310 

398 

475 

594 

681 

3K 

.... 

.... 

139 

206 

273 

355 

427 

537 

619 

4 

178 

240 

317 

385 

488 

565 

4K 

.... 

.... 

.... 

.... 

186 

254 

314 

406 

474 

5 

1 

.... 

.... 

.... 

142 

204 

■  258 

340 

402 

40  The  H  artf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR  BOILER  SETTINGS 


Our  setting  plans  for  horizontal  tubular  boilers  have  recently  been  revised 
and  the  new  drawings  show  certain  features  in  greater  detail  than  was  formerly 
the  case.  For  each  of  the  common  sizes  of  boilers  we  have  four  separate  draw¬ 
ings,  this  number  being  necessary  in  order  to  clearly  illustrate  the  difference 
between  boilers  with  flush  fronts  and  overhanging  fronts  and  between  boilers 
supported  on  the  side  walls  and  boilers  suspended  from  overhead.  Upon  appli¬ 
cation  to  our  Engineering  Department  blue-prints  of  any  of  these  drawings  will 
be  furnished  for  use  in  setting  boilers  which  we  insure.  In  asking  for  such  blue¬ 
prints  it  is  necessary  to  state  the  diameter  of  the  boiler,  the  length  of  tubes,  the 
style  of  front  (flush  or  overhanging)  and  the  method  of  support. 

Our  setting  plans  illustrate  four  different  types  of  wall  construction,  as  shown 
below: 


The  design  shown  by  Type  I  is  probably  used  more  extensively  than  any  of 
the  others.  While  it  costs  but  little  more  than  Type  II,  it  has  a  distinct  ad¬ 
vantage  over  that  type  as  regards  the  prevention  of  air  leakage  into  the  furnace 
because  the  cracks  will  occur  principally  in  the  inner  wall,  leaving  the  outer  wall 
intact.  With  a  solid  wall  like  that  of  Type  II  the  cracks  will  extend  clear  through 
the  brickwork,  thus  increasing  the  probability  of  air  leaks  with  a  resulting  excess 
of  air  and  a  lower  furnace  efficiency.  The  air  space  has  no  virtue  as  a  heat 
insulator;  a  double  wall  of  this  type  will  transmit  just  as  much  heat  under  given 
conditions  as  a  solid  wall  of  the  same  total  thickness. 

Type  III  makes  use  of  insulating  bricks  to  reduce  the  amount  of  heat  that  is 
transmitted  through  the  wall  and  thereby  lost.  These  insulating  bricks  are 
made  of  different  materials  by  different  manufacturers  and  they  are  cut  to  the 
proper  size  so  that  they  will  lay  up  evenly  with  ordinary  bricks.  They  have 
little  mechanical  strength  in  themselves  so  that  it  is  best  to  use  metal  ties,  as 
shown  in  the  cut,  for  bonding  the  inner  fire-brick  section  to  the  common  brick  on 
the  outside.  It  is  also  advisable  to  use  a  uniform  thickness  of  nine  inches  for 
the  fire-brick  lining  in  place  of  the  4^-inch  lining  with  header  courses  as  shown 


41 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


for  the  other  types.  This  type  of  construction  makes  a  very  good  setting, 
costing  somewhat  more  than  either  Type  I  or  Type  II. 

Type  IV  may  be  considered  as  similar  to  Type  I  with  a  steel  casing  substi¬ 
tuted  for  the  outer  wall  and  the  air  space  filled  with  magnesia  or  other  good 
insulating  material.  This  makes  a  most  excellent  form  of  setting,  the  only 
drawback  to  its  more  general  use  being  its  greater  cost  as  compared  with  other 
types.  The  insulating  material  reduces  the  heat  radiation  loss  to  a  minimum 
and  the  steel  casing  prevents  the  even  greater  loss  due  to  air  leakage  through 
the  setting  walls.  Furthermore,  a  setting  of  this  kind  presents  a  very  neat  ap¬ 
pearance  and  requires  less  space  than  any  of  the  other  types  illustrated. 

The  sections  shown  are  intended  to  apply  to  the  side  walls  at  the  rear  of 
the  bridge  wall.  For  the  furnace  section  in  front  of  the  bridge  wall,  we  advise 
that  the  walls  be  battered  from  the  grate  level  to  the  closing-in  line  near  the 
middle  of  the  boiler  shell.  Our  drawings  show  a  batter  of  six  inches  in  this 
height,  thus  making  the  walls  that  much  thicker  at  the  bottom. 

The  illustration  below  is  a  typical  longitudinal  section  through  the  center 
of  a  setting.  On  the  four  following  pages  will  be  found  data  on  overall  dimen¬ 
sions  of  settings,  approximate  numbers  of  bricks  required  for  the  various  sizes 
and  types,  sizes  of  grates  and  the  heights  for  setting  boilers  with  different  kinds 
of  coal.  These  tables  have  been  made  up  from  our  standard  setting  plans  and 
it  should  be  understood  that  they  are  inter-dependent.  They  are  intended  for 
use  with  hand-fired  horizontal  tubular  boilers  where  the  combustion  rate  does 
not  exceed  twenty-five  (25)  pounds  of  coal  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface  per 
hour  and  the  output  is  not  more  than  twenty-five  per  cent  (25%)  above  the 
nominal  rating. 


- TWOVALVE5  of  THE  OUT6IDE-5CREW-ANO-VOKE 

TYPE  5HOULO  BE  USED  IF  BOILER  IS  CONNECTED 
TO  A  COnnON  5TEAM  MAIN  WITH  ONE  OR  MORE 
QTHER  BOILER*. Valve  NEAREST  BOILER  SHOULD 
BE  PRE  FE  RABLY  OF  TmE  NON-RETURN  TYPE. 


Escape  Pipe  shoulo 

BE  OR  AIMED  BY  A  DRIP 
E  LL  OR  OTHER  SUITABLE 
MEANS  WITH  OPENING  AT 
LEAST  »"1N  DIAMETER.^ 


✓  StopValve  SHOULD 
BE  PLACED  AS  NEAR 
THE  BOILER  AS 
PRACTICABLE  . 


H  tN  Sipe  Vv* 


Set  REAR  EMOOiFSpiLER 
I  INCH  LOWER  th^n  front 
END. 


Union 


2'oh  2j“  Biiow  Off  Pipe. 
Extra]he|avy  Pipe  and 
Fittings. 


Cover  this 
trench  with 
STEEL  PLATE 
OR  LOOSC 
BRIC  K  .N 


Steam  Pipe  should 
drain  away  from  valve- 

Downward  Pitch _ 

Drain  required  if  two  valves  are 
USED.  DRAIN  PIPE  Should  have  open 
END  VISIBLE  WHILE  OPERATING  MAIN 
VALVES-  - — - - ’"** 


- IF  ESCAPE  PIPE  IS  USED  IT  SHOULD 

HAVE  A  DIAMETER  AT  LEAST  EQUAL 
TO  THAT  OF  THE  SAFETY  VALVE  TO 
WHICH  IT  IS  ATTACHED  AND  IF  |T  IS 
OVER  SIX  FEE  T  LONG  IT  SHOULO  BE 
SUPPORTS  O  INOE  PENOENTLY  OF  THE 
SAFETY  VALVE  WITH  SUCH  ARRANGE¬ 
MENT  THAT  NO  STRAIN  WILL  COME 
ON  THE  VALVE  BOOY. 

i —  Damper  with  provision  for 

(HAND  OPERATION  FROM  FLOOR. 

^Connection 

-  ,  ■  :  ■  FOR  DRAFT  GAGE. 


Center  of  fusible 
plug  2" above  line 
of  upper  surface 

OF  TUBES - — ' " 


BlowOffPipe 

ShOULO  HAVE  TWO 
VALVES,  OR  VALVE 
ANO  COCK  IF  PRES¬ 
SURE  EXCEEDS 
123  LBS.flOO  LBS.  I  N 

Massachusetts). 
Clearance  oft l 

ALL  AROUND  PIPE  1 
INSIDE  OF  SLEEVE.  L 

Space  filled  in 
with  ASBESTOS  / 
TO  PREVENT  AIR/" 
LEAKAGE.  - /  T 


—Sampling  tube 

FOR  FLUE- GAS 
ANALYSIS. 


.--Gate  Valve 

OROINARILY  LEFT 
WIDE  OPEN  . 

—  Check  Valve. 


y Globe  Valve 

VlTH  BOILER 
PRESSURE  ON 
TOP  OF  DISK. 

s  Asbestos  Rope. 


Floor  Level. 


Typical  Longitudinal  Section  Through  Center  of  Horizontal 

Tubular  Boiler  Setting. 


42  The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


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See  Pages  40  and  41  for  description  of  different  types. 


APPROXIMATE  NUMBERS  OF  BRICKS  REQUIRED  FOR  SETTING  HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR  BOILERS 

IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  STANDARD  SETTING  PLANS 

Overhanging  Fronts 


The  H artf or d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


43 


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The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


DIMENSIONS  OF  GRATES  FOR  HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR  BOILERS 

(As  Shown  on  Standard  Setting  Plans) 


Diameter  of  Boiler 

Length  of  Tubes 

Size  of  Grates 

Width 

Length 

Area  (sq.  ft.) 

54" 

14' 

4'— 0" 

4'— 0" 

16 

54" 

16' 

4'— 0" 

4'-0" 

16 

60" 

16' 

4'-6" 

4'— 6" 

20  K 

60" 

18' 

4'— 6" 

5'-0" 

22  & 

66" 

16' 

5'-0" 

5'-0" 

25 

66" 

18' 

5'-0" 

5'-6" 

27  K 

72" 

16' 

5'-6" 

5'— 6" 

30  X 

72" 

18' 

5'-6" 

6'-0" 

33 

72" 

20' 

.5'— 6" 

6'— 6" 

35K 

78" 

16' 

6'-0" 

6'-0" 

36 

78" 

18' 

6'-0" 

6'— 6" 

39 

78" 

20' 

6'-0" 

7'-0" 

42 

84" 

18' 

6'— 6" 

7'-0" 

45  K 

84" 

20' 

6'-6" 

7'-0" 

45K 

(For  hand-fired  boilers  with  combustion  rate  not  exceeding  25  pounds  of  coal 

per  square  foot  of  grate  surface  per  hour) 


Dimensions  of  Uptakes  or  Smoke-Openings  for  Horizontal 

Tubular  Boilers 


Diameter  of  Boiler 

Uptake  or  Smoke  Opening 

Width 

Length 

Area  (sq.  in.) 

54" 

10" 

3'-4" 

400 

60" 

10" 

4'— 6" 

540 

66" 

12" 

4'— 6" 

648 

72" 

14" 

5'-0" 

S40 

78" 

14  K" 

5'-6" 

957 

84" 

17" 

6'-0" 

1224 

RECOMMENDED  HEIGHTS  FROM  GRATES  TO  SHELL  AND  FROM  BRIDGE-WALL  TO  SHELL  FOR  HORI¬ 
ZONTAL  TUBULAR  BOILER  SETTINGS  WITH  DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  COAL 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


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For  bituminous  coals  containing  more  than  35%  volatile  matter.  (Illinois) 

For  bituminous  coals  containing  from  18%  to  35%  volatile.  (Pittsburgh) 

For  anthracite  coal  and  semi-bituminous  coal,  containing  less  than  18%  volatile.  (Pocahontas,  George’s  Creek,  etc.) 


46  The  Hartford  Ste  am  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


TABLE  OF  HEATING  SURFACE  AND  HORSEPOWER  FOR  STANDARD 
SIZES  OF  HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR  BOILERS  WITH 

MANHOLES  BELOW  TUBES 


Diameter 

of 

Boiler 

TUBES 

• 

HEATTNG  SURFACE  (Sq.  Ft.) 

Horse- 

Power 

Length 

Diameter 

Number 

Tubes 

Shell 

Rear  Head 

Total 

54" 

14' 

3" 

52 

531 

99 

8 

638 

64 

54" 

16' 

3" 

52 

607 

113 

8 

728 

73 

54" 

14' 

3  K" 

44 

526 

99 

8 

633 

63 

54" 

16' 

3K" 

44 

602 

113 

8 

723 

72 

54" 

14' 

4" 

36 

494 

99 

7 

601 

60 

54" 

16' 

4" 

36 

565 

113 

7 

686 

69 

60" 

16' 

3" 

74 

864 

125 

9 

998 

100 

60" 

18' 

3" 

74 

972 

141 

9 

1122 

112 

60" 

16' 

3K" 

52 

711 

125 

10 

846 

85 

60" 

18' 

3K" 

52 

800 

141 

10 

951 

95 

60" 

16' 

4" 

46 

722 

125 

9 

856 

86 

60" 

18' 

4" 

46 

812 

141 

9 

962 

96 

66" 

16' 

3" 

94 

1098 

138 

11 

1247 

125 

66" 

18' 

3" 

94 

1235 

156 

11 

1402 

140 

66" 

16' 

3  K" 

74 

1012 

138 

11 

1161 

116 

66" 

18' 

3  K" 

74 

1138 

156 

11 

1305 

131 

66" 

16' 

4" 

56 

878 

138 

11 

1027 

103 

66" 

18' 

4" 

56 

988 

156 

11 

1155 

115 

72" 

16' 

3" 

122 

1425 

151 

13 

1589 

159 

72" 

18' 

3" 

122 

1603 

170 

13 

1786 

179 

72" 

20' 

3" 

122 

1781 

188 

13 

1982 

198 

72" 

16' 

3  K" 

98 

1340 

151 

12 

1503 

150 

72" 

18' 

3K" 

98 

1508 

170 

12 

1690 

169 

72" 

20' 

3K" 

98 

1675 

188 

12 

1875 

188 

72" 

16' 

4" 

74 

1161 

151 

12 

1324 

132 

72" 

18' 

4" 

74 

1306 

170 

12 

1488 

149 

72" 

20' 

4" 

74 

1451 

188 

12 

1651 

165 

78" 

16' 

3" 

146 

1705 

163 

15 

1883 

188 

78" 

18' 

3" 

146 

1918 

184 

15 

2117 

212 

78" 

20' 

3" 

146 

2131 

204 

15 

2350 

235 

78" 

16' 

3K" 

112 

1532 

163 

15 

1710 

171 

78" 

18' 

3  K" 

112 

1723 

184 

15 

1922 

192 

78" 

20' 

3K" 

112 

1915 

204 

15 

2134 

213 

78" 

16' 

4" 

91 

1427 

163 

14 

1604 

160 

78" 

18' 

4" 

91 

1606 

184 

14 

1804 

180 

78" 

20' 

4" 

91 

1784 

204 

14 

2002 

200 

84" 

18' 

3" 

176 

2312 

198 

17 

2527 

253 

84" 

20' 

3" 

176 

2569 

220 

17 

2806 

281 

84" 

18' 

3X" 

138 

2123 

198 

16 

2337 

234 

84" 

20' 

3y2" 

138 

2359 

220 

16 

2595 

260 

84" 

18' 

4" 

108 

1906 

198 

16 

2120 

212 

84" 

20' 

4" 

108 

2118 

220 

16 

2354 

235 

The  above  table  is  figured  on  the  basis  of  ten  (10)  square  feet  of  heating 
surface  per  boiler  horsepower;  the  heating  surface  as  calculated  includes  all  of 
the  inside  tube  area,  one-half  the  area  of  the  cylindrical  portion  of  the  shell,  and 
two-thirds  of  the  area  of  the  rear  head  minus  the  combined  cross-sectional  area 
of  the  tubes. 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


47 


APPROXIMATE  WEIGHTS  OF  HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR  BOILERS 

The  weights  of  bare  boilers  as  given  in  the  following  table  are  taken  from 
data  of  the  American  Boiler  Manufacturers’  Association,  figures  being  given 
for  boilers  designed  to  operate  at  pressures  of  125  pounds  and  150  pounds. 
These  weights  do  not  include  fronts,  trimmings,  grates  or  other  castings.  The 
amount  of  water  contained  in  a  boiler  of  given  diameter  and  length  will  vary 
with  the  number  of  tubes  and  their  diameter.  The  weights  given  in  the  last 
column  are  figured  for  average  cases,  with  the  boiler  entirely  filled  and  allowing 
62.5  pounds  per  cubic  foot  of  water.  These  weights  should  be  added  to  the 
weights  of  the  bare  boilers  in  order  to  determine  the  total  maximum  weight  of 
a  boiler  as  installed,  due  allowance  being  made  also  for  the  weight  of  trimmings 
and  other  parts  which  are  attached  directly  to  the  boiler  and  supported  thereby. 


• 

Diameter  of  Boiler 

Length  of  Tubes 

Weight  of  Bare  Boiler,  Lbs. 

Weight  of  Water 

125  lbs.  Pressure 

150  lbs.  Pressure 

54" 

14' 

9100 

9700 

11700 

54" 

16' 

10100 

10800 

13400 

60" 

16' 

12400 

13400 

16300 

60" 

18' 

13600 

14800 

18400 

66" 

16' 

14900 

16300 

19100 

66" 

18' 

16400 

17800' 

21500 

72" 

16' 

18400 

20000 

22500 

72" 

18' 

20000 

21700 

25300 

72" 

20' 

21700 

23300 

28100 

78" 

18' 

25000 

26400 

29600 

78" 

20' 

27100 

28600 

32900 

Approximate  Weights  in  Pounds  per  Square  Foot  of  Flat  Steel  Plates 


Thickness  (Inches) 

Weight  (Lbs.) 

Thickness  (Inches) 

Weight  (Lbs.) 

lA 

10.20 

SA 

25 . 50 

94 

11.48 

26.78 

% 

12.75 

28.05 

14.03 

29.33 

H 

15.30 

H 

30 . 60 

I3^2 

16.58 

2% 

31.88 

7/f6 

17.85 

ls/fe 

33.15 

19.13 

2% 

34.43 

K 

20.40 

7A 

35.70 

17/£> 

21.68 

2  9  32 

36.98 

% 

22.95 

15^6 

38.25 

19& 

24.23 

*V6 

1 

39.53 

40.80 

The  above  table  is  based  on  a  weight  of  0.2833  pound  per  cubic  inch  for 
steel  plate;  this  corresponds  with  a  specific  gravity  of  7.854. 


48  The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co . 


I-BEAMS  FOR  SUSPENDING  HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR  BOILERS 

The  following  table  shows  the  sizes  of  I-beams  which  we  recommend  for  the 
suspension  of  horizontal  tubular  boilers  of  the  more  common  sizes.  It  is  based 
on  a  maximum  fiber  stress  of  12500  pounds  per  square  inch,  this  conservative 
figure  being  used  because  of  the  fact  that  such  I-beams  are  often  required  to 
carry  loads  in  excess  of  those  due  to  the  boilers.  In  computing  the  table,  the 
limiting  spans  and  the  locations  of  the  points  of  suspension  were  taken  from  our 
standard  setting  plans.  It  should  be  understood  that  four  I-beams  are  required 
in  each  case,  the  beams  being  bolted  together  in  pairs  as  shown  in  the  sketch 
below  the  table. 


Diameter  of 
Boilers 

Length  of 
Tubes 

Depth  of  I-Beams  and  Weight  per  Foot 

One  Boiler 

Two  Boilers 

Three  Boilers 

54" 

16' 

6"-12X  lbs. 

10"-30  lbs. 

15"-42*lbs. 

60" 

16' 

7"- 15 

12"-31K  “ 

18"-55  “ 

60" 

18' 

7"- 15 

12"-35 

18"-55  “ 

66" 

16' 

7"- 15 

12"-40 

18"-55  “ 

66" 

18' 

8"- 18 

15"-42 

lS"-60  “ 

72" 

16' 

8"- 18 

15"-42 

20"-65  “ 

72" 

18' 

8"- 18 

15"— 42 

20"-65  “ 

72" 

20' 

8"- 18 

18"-55 

24"-80  “ 

78" 

16' 

8"- 18 

18"-55 

24"-80  “ 

78" 

18' 

9"-21 

18"-55 

24"-80  “ 

78" 

20' 

9"-21 

18"-55 

24"-80  “ 

84" 

18' 

9"-21 

18"-55 

24"-80  “ 

84" 

20' 

9"-21 

20"-65 

24"-90  “ 

The  Hartford  Ste  am  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co . 


49 


COLUMNS  FOR  SUPPORTING  HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR  BOILERS 

On  this  page  and  page  50  will  be  found  tables  to  show  the  proper  sizes 
of  columns  for  suspended  horizontal  tubular  boilers.  Four  types  of  columns  are 
included,  viz: — square  cast-iron  columns,  round  cast-iron  columns,  structural 
steel  H-beams  and  built-up  columns  of  the  plate-and-angle  type.  No  table  is 
given  for  I-beam  columns  because  the  I-beam  shape  is  poorly  adapted  for  use  as 
a  column  and  is  not  recommended  for  this  purpose.  We  also  have  designs  for 
reinforced  concrete  columns  and  beams  for  the  usual  sizes  of  horizontal  tubular 
boilers  and  can  furnish  copies  of  the  same  on  application. 

The  tables  for  column  sizes  in  structural  steel  handbooks  cannot  be  applied 
to  the  support  of  boilers,  as  a  rule,  because  such  tables  are  based  on  the  assump¬ 
tion  that  the  loads  are  direct  and  equally  distributed  over  the  cross-section  of 
the  column,  or  else  balanced  on  opposite  sides  thereof,  whereas  in  boiler  installa¬ 
tions  the  loads  are  usually  applied  entirely  at  one  side,  thus  introducing  bend¬ 
ing  stresses  which  must  be  taken  into  consideration.  There  is  no  simple  solu¬ 
tion  of  the  problem  but  it  is  a  matter  of  much  importance  and  allowance  has 
therefore  been  made  for  this  condition  in  the  tables  which  follow.  In  these  tables 
it  is  assumed  that  the  columns  are  not  built  into  the  brickwork  or  braced  in  any 
other  way  against  flexure.  The  maximum  ratio  of  slenderness  (  =  the  quotient 
of  the  unsupported  length  of  the  column  divided  by  its  radius  of  gyration)  is 
taken  at  120  for  steel  and  70  for  cast  iron.  The  maximum  length  as  given  in 
the  tables  for  each  case  should  not  be  exceeded. 

We  realize  that  the  designs  are  heavier  than  those  used  by  some  boiler¬ 
makers  but  we  do  not  believe  that  lighter  columns  should  be  used  except  in 
cases  where  the  loading  is  non-eccentric  or  where  the  columns  are  braced  laterally 
so  as  to  reduce  the  effective  unsupported  length. 


Sizes  of  Round  Cast  Iron  Columns  for  Suspended  Horizontal 

Tubular  Boilers 


Diameter  of 
Boilers 
(Inches) 

Length  of 
Tubes 
(Feet) 

Maximum 
Length  of 
Columns 

Diameter  and  Thickness  of  Columns 

One  Boiler 

Two  Boilers 

Three  Boilers 

54 

16 

10'-6" 

7"  x 

A" 

7"  x  y 

7"  x  1" 

60 

16 

ll'-0" 

7"  x 

A" 

7"  x  y 

7"  x  1" 

60 

18 

ll'-0" 

7"  x 

A" 

7"  x  y 

7"  x  1" 

66 

16 

12'— 0" 

8"  x 

A" 

8"  x  1" 

8"  x  lyy 

66 

18 

12'-0" 

8"  x 

A" 

8"  x  1" 

8"  x  1 H" 

72 

16 

13'-0" 

9"  x 

y 

9"  x  1" 

9"  x  i yy 

72 

IS 

13'-0" 

9"  x 

H" 

9"  x  1" 

9"  x  1  y 

72 

20 

13'-0" 

9"  x 

A" 

9"  x  1" 

9"  x  lyy 

78 

16 

13'-6" 

9"  x 

V*" 

9"  x  1" 

9"  x  i  yy 

78 

18 

13'-6" 

9"  x 

H" 

9"  x  1" 

9"  x  1 H" 

78 

20 

13'-6" 

9"  x 

A" 

9"  x  1" 

9"  x  1 X" 

84 

18 

14'-0// 

9"  x 

l 

9"  x  1  yy 

9"  x  \yy 

84 

20 

14'-0" 

10"  x 

l" 

10"  x  1" 

io"  x  i  yy 

Sizes  of  Square  Cast  Iron  Columns  for  Suspended  Horizontal 

Tubular  Boilers 


Diameter  of 
Boilers 
(Inches) 

Length  of 
Tubes 
(Feet) 

Maximum 
Length  of 
Columns 

Width  and  Thickness  of  Columns 

One  Boiler 

Two  Boilers 

Three  Boilers 

54 

16 

10'-6" 

6" 

X 

A" 

6" 

X 

yy 

6" 

X 

1" 

60 

16 

ll'-O" 

6" 

X 

A" 

6" 

X 

yy 

6" 

X 

1" 

60 

18 

ll'-0" 

6" 

X 

A" 

6" 

X 

yy 

6" 

X 

1" 

66 

16 

12'-0" 

7" 

X 

A" 

7" 

X 

yy 

7" 

X 

1" 

66 

18 

12,-0" 

7" 

X 

A"  • 

7" 

X 

yy 

7" 

X 

1" 

72 

16 

13'-0" 

8" 

X 

A" 

8" 

X 

y 

8" 

X 

1" 

72 

18 

13'-0" 

8" 

X 

A" 

8" 

X 

y 

8" 

X 

1" 

72 

20 

13'-0" 

8" 

X 

A" 

8" 

X 

y 

8" 

X 

1" 

78 

•  16 

13'-6" 

8" 

X 

A " 

8" 

X 

y 

8" 

X 

1" 

78 

18 

13'— 6" 

8" 

X 

A" 

8" 

X 

yy 

8" 

X 

1" 

78 

20 

13'-6" 

8" 

X 

A" 

8" 

X 

y 

8" 

X 

1" 

84 

18 

14'-0" 

8" 

X 

l" 

8" 

X 

i" 

8" 

X 

ly 

84 

20 

14'-0" 

8" 

X 

l" 

8" 

X 

i" 

8" 

X 

i  y 

50  The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


Sizes  of  H-Beams  for  Suspended  Horizontal  Tubular  Boilers 


Diameter 

of 

Boilers 

Length 

of 

Tubes 

Maximum 
Length  of 
Columns 

Depth  of  H- 

Beams  and  Weight  per  Foot 

One  Boiler 

Two  Boilers 

Three  Boilers 

54" 

16' 

10'— 6" 

5"-18.7  lbs. 

5"-18 . 7  lbs. 

6"-23 . 8  lbs. 

60" 

16' 

ll'-O" 

5"- 18 . 7  “ 

6"-23 . 8  “ 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

60" 

18' 

ll'-O" 

5"-18 . 7  “ 

6"-23 . 8  “ 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

66" 

16' 

12'-0" 

5"- 18 . 7  “ 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

66" 

18' 

12'-0" 

5"-18.7  “ 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

72" 

16' 

13'-0" 

6"-23 . 8  “ 

S"-34 . 0  “ 

72" 

18' 

13'-0" 

6"-23 . 8  “ 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

72" 

20' 

13'-0" 

6"-23 . 8  “ 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

78" 

16' 

13'-6" 

6"-23 . 8  “ 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

78" 

18' 

13'— 6" 

6"-23 . 8  “ 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

78" 

20' 

13'-6" 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

84" 

18' 

14'-0" 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

84" 

20' 

14'-0" 

8"-34 . 0  “ 

See  explanatory  notes  on  Page  49. 


Sizes  of  Plate-and -Angle  Columns  for  Suspended  Horizontal 

Tubular  Boilers 


Diameter 

of 

Boilers 

Length 

of 

Tubes 

Maximum 
Length  of 
Columns 

Sizes  of  Plates-and-Angles 

One  Boiler 

Two  Boilers 

Three  Boilers 

54" 

16' 

10'  -6" 

6"  x 

3"  x  2"  x  y 

6"  x  y 

3"  x  2"  x  y" 

8"  x  y 

3  y  x  2  yx  y 

60" 

16' 

ll'-O" 

6"  x  y 

3"  x  2"  x  y" 

8"  x  y 

3"  x  2y"  x  %" 

8"  x  yA,f 

3  y  x  2  y  x  54" 

60" 

18' 

ll'-O" 

6"  x  y 

3"  x  2"  x  y" 

8"  x  y 

3"  x2K"x  %" 

8"  x  54" 

3 y  x  2 y2"  x  H" 

66" 

16' 

12'-0" 

8"  x  X" 

3"  x  2  K"  x  %" 

8"  x  y" 

3K"  X  2 y"  X  54" 

8"  x  %" 

4"  x  3"  x  54" 

66" 

18' 

12'-0" 

8"  x  y 

3"  x2M"x 

8"  x  y 

3 y  x  2  W'x  54" 

8"  x  y 

4"  x  3"  x  H" 

72" 

16' 

13'-0" 

8"  x  X" 

3K"  x  2 y"  x  y" 

8"  x  %" 

3K"  x2K"x  H" 

8"  x  y 

4"  x  3"  x  !4" 

72" 

18' 

13'-0" 

8"  x  y" 

3 y"  x2K"x  y 

8"  x  54" 

3  y  x  2  y  x  y 

8"  x  y 

4"  x  3"  x  14" 

72" 

20' 

13'-0" 

8"  X  X" 

3y"x2y"x  y" 

8"  x  54" 

4"  X  3"  x  54" 

8"  x  y 

4"  x  3"  x  y 

78" 

16' 

13'-6" 

8"  x  y" 

3y  x2K"x  y" 

8"  x  y 

4"  x  3"  x  54" 

s"  x  y 

4"  x  3"  x  y 

* 

GO 

18' 

13'-6" 

8"  x  X" 

3  y  x  2  y  x  y 

8"  x  54" 

4"  x  3"  x  yi" 

10"  x  y 

5"  x  3  y  x  y 

<1 

00 

20' 

13'-6" 

3  K"  x  2  yf'  x  ®4" 

8"  x  y 

4"  x  3"  x  7/4" 

10"  x  y 

5"  x  3  y  x  14" 

Tf« 

00 

18' 

14'-0" 

8"  x  y" 

3%"  x  2K"  X  54" 

8"  X  yi" 

4"  x  3"  x  Ffg" 

10"  x  y 

5"  X  3K"  X  !4" 

00 

20' 

14'-0" 

» 

8"  x  y" 

3 y*  x  2%"  x  54" 

8"  x  y 

4"  x  3"  x  y 

10"  X  y" 

6"  x  4"  x  y&n 

NOTE:  The  columns  described  in 
this  table  are  intended  to  be  constructed 
in  accordance  with  the  detail  sketch  at  the 
left.  For  each  size  of  boiler  the  size  of  the 
web  plate  is  given  above  with  the  size  of 
the  angles  underneath.  Four  angles  are 
required  in  every  case.  Overall  dimensions 
of  the  various  column  cross-sections  may 
be  determined  by  reference  to  the  sketch. 

See  explanatory  notes  on  Page  49. 


The  H  artf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co . 


51 


SAFETY  VALVES  FOR  POWER  BOILERS 


The  tables  on  the  next  four  pages  give  data  in  regard  to  the  sizes  of  flat-seat 
and  45-degree  bevel-seat  safety  valves  required  for  various  pressures  and  for 
different  sizes  of  boilers  as  determined  by  the  nominal  horsepower  rating,  this 
rating  in  each  case  being  figured  on  the  basis  of  ten  (10)  square  feet  of  boiler 
heating  surface  per  horsepower.  "(See  table  on  Page  46  for  ratings  of  horizontal 
tubular  boilers).  The  required  relieving  capacity  of  safety  valves  is  based  on 
six  (6)  pounds  of  steam  per  square  foot  of  boiler  heating  surface  per  hour  for 
water-tube  boilers,  five  (5)  pounds  for  other  types  when  the  pressure  exceeds 
100  pounds  per  square  inch,  and  three  (3)  pounds  for  such  types  when  the 
pressure  varies  between  the  limits  of  15  pounds  and  100  pounds  per  square  inch, 
inclusive.  Relieving  capacities  for  intermediate  sizes  not  given  in  the  tables 
should  be  figured  on  the  above  basis. 

The  required  number  and  size  of  safety  valves  in  any  case  should  be  deter¬ 
mined  primarily  from  the  relieving  capacity  which  is  dependent  upon  the  lift  of 
the  valve  as  well  as  its  diameter.  As  a  matter  of  convenience,  the  tables  show 
the  number  and  diameter  of  valves  required  for  various  conditions  based  upon 
assumed  lifts  as  given  below: 


Diameter  of  Valve  Assumed  Lift 


1" 

IK". 

IK" 

2" 

2K" 

3" 

3K" 

4" 

4K" 


0.04" 
0.04" 
0.05" 
0.06" 
0.06" 
0.08" 
0.09" 
0 . 10" 
0.11" 


The  valve  diameters  given  should  be  used  with  caution,  the  actual  lift  being 
considered  in  each  case.  When  the  lift  differs  from  that  assumed  in  the  tables 
the  relieving  capacity  of  a  valve  can  be  calculated  from  one  of  the  following 
formulae : 

W  =  155(P+ 14.7)  XD  XL  for  flat-seat  valves. 

W=  110(P  +  14.7)  XD XL  for  45-degree  bevel-seat  valves. 

W  =  50(P  +  14.7)  A  for  valves  with  seats  of  any  angle, 
where  W  =  the  relieving  capacity  in  pounds  per  hour. 

P  =  gage  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 

D  =  inside  diameter  of  valve  seat,  inches. 

L  =  vertical  lift  of  valve  disk  measured  with  3%  excess  pressure,  inches. 

A  =  relieving  area  in  square  inches  =  3.1416 XD  XL Xsine  of  seat  angle. 


Sizes  of  Boiler  Connections  for  Two  or  Three  Safety  Valves  Mounted  on  a 

Single  Base  or  Enclosed  in  a  Single  Casing 


Diameter 
of  Each 

Valve 

Diameter  of  Opening  to  Boiler 

Two  Valves 

Three  Valves 

1" 

IK" 

2" 

IK" 

2" 

2K" 

IK" 

2  K" 

3" 

2" 

3" 

3K" 

2K" 

4" 

4K" 

3" 

4K" 

6" 

3K" 

5" 

7" 

4" 

6" 

7" 

4K" 

7" 

8" 

The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


SAFETY  VALVES  FOR  FIRE-TUBE  BOILERS 
(Pressure  Range  from  15  lbs.  to  100  lbs.  Inclusive) 


Nominal 


Requirec 


NUMBER  AND  DIAMETER  OF  SAFETY  VALVES  REQUIRED  WITH  AVERAGE  LIFT 


I1UI5C- 

povver 

Rating 

(Lbs.  per 
Hr.) 

BEVEL  SEAT 

FLAT  SEAT 

15  lbs. 

25  lbs. 

50  lbs. 

75  lbs. 

100  lbs. 

15  lbs. 

25  lbs. 

50  lbs. 

75  lbs. 

100  lbs. 

50 

1500 

1-4K' 

1-4" 

1-3" 

1-3" 

1-2" 

1-4" 

1-3  X" 

1-3" 

1-2" 

1-2" 

55 

1650 

2-3  K" 

1-4" 

1-3" 

1-3" 

1-2X" 

1-4" 

1-3  X" 

1-3" 

1-2" 

1-2" 

60 

1800 

2-3X" 

1-4  K" 

1-3  x' 

1-3" 

1-2X" 

1-4" 

1-3  K" 

1-3" 

1-2X" 

1-2" 

65 

1950 

2-3K" 

1-4  K" 

1-3X' 

1-3" 

1-3" 

1-4  X" 

1-4" 

1-3" 

1-2X" 

1-2" 

70 

2100 

2-4" 

2-3K" 

2-2X* 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 K' 

75 

2250 

2-4" 

2-3  K" 

2-3" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 X" 

80 

2400 

2-4" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

2-2  K" 

2-2" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-2K" 

2-2" 

2-1K" 

85 

2550 

2-4" 

2-3  K" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

2-2X" 

2-2" 

2-1K" 

90 

2700 

2-4^" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

2-2K" 

2-2" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

2-1 K" 

95 

2850 

2-4 >4" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

100 

3000 

2-4  K" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

105 

3150 

2-4  K" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

110 

3300 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-4" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

115 

3450 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-2X" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

120 

3600 

3-4" 

2-4  K" 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

2-2  K" 

2-4" 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

2-2K" 

2-2" 

125 

3750 

3-4" 

2-4K" 

2-3  X* 

2-3" 

2-2K" 

2-4  X" 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

130 

3900 

3-4" 

2-4  K" 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

135 

4050 

3-4K" 

2-4K" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-4X" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

140 

4200 

3-4  K" 

2-4  K" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-4X" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2" 

145 

4350 

3-4  y2" 

3-4" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2K" 

150 

4500 

3-4K" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2K" 

155 

4650 

3-4  K" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

160 

4800 

3-4  K" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-2K' 

165 

4950 

4-4" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  K" 

2-3" 

3-4" 

2-4X" 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

2-2K' 

170 

5100 

4-4" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

3-4" 

2-4  K" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

2-2X" 

175 

5250 

4-4  K" 

3-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

2-2X' 

180 

5400 

4-4K" 

3-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

3-4" 

2-4K" 

2-3^2  " 

2-3" 

2-2K' 

185 

5550 

4-4  K" 

3-4K" 

2-4" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

3-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

2-2K" 

190 

5700 

4-4  ys 

3-4X' 

2-4  X" 

2-3  X* 

2-3" 

3-4X" 

2-4  X* 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

195 

5850 

4-4  K" 

3-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-3  X* 

2-3" 

3-4K" 

2-4  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

200 

6000 

4-4K" 

3-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-3  K" 

2-3" 

3-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

205 

6150 

4-4^2  " 

3-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X* 

3-4  x" 

3-4" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

210 

6300 

4-4  K" 

3-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

215 

6450 

4-4K" 

3-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

3-4K" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

220 

6600 

5-4  K" 

4-4" 

2-4 >4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

3-4  x" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

225 

6750 

5-4  K' 

4-4" 

2-4  X" 

2—4" 

2-3K" 

3-4  K" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

230 

6900 

5-4  K" 

4-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-3  X' 

4-4" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

235 

7050 

5-4K" 

4-4K" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3X" 

4-4" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

240 

7200 

5-4  ys 

4-4  X" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3K" 

4-4" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

245 

7350 

5-4K' 

4-4  X' 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

4-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

250 

7500 

5-4  K" 

4-4  X" 

3-4" 

2-4" 

2-3K' 

4-4  X" 

3-4X" 

2-4" 

2-3X' 

2-3" 

See  explanatory  notes  on  Page  51 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


53 


SAFETY  VALVES  FOR  FIRE  TUBE  BOILERS 
(For  Pressures  in  Excess  of  100  lbs.) 


Nom- 

Re¬ 

quired 

NUMBER  AND  DIAMETER  OF  SAFETY  VALVES  REQUIRED  WITH  AVERAGE  LIFT 

Cilpcl- 

H.  P. 

city 

BEVEL  SEAT 

FLAT  SEAT 

/T  Ko 

XVd.1- 

\.L/DS. 

ing 

per  hr.) 

125  lbs. 

150  lbs. 

175  lbs. 

200  lbs. 

225  lbs. 

250  lbs. 

125  lbs. 

150  lbs. 

175  lbs. 

200  lbs. 

225  lbs. 

250  lbs 

50 

2500 

2-2" 

2-1 K" 

2-1 K" 

2-1 K" 

2-1 X" 

2-1 X" 

2-1 K" 

2-lY" 

2-1 K" 

2-1' 

2-1" 

2-1' 

55 

2750 

2-2“ 

2-2" 

2-1 Y' 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1K" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 K" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1" 

2-1" 

60 

3000 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 K" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 X" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1" 

65 

3250 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-lY" 

2-1" 

70 

3500 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 K" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 K" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y 

75 

3750 

2-2%” 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y 

SO 

4000 

2-2K" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y 

85 

4250 

2-2K" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 K" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y 

90 

4500 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  K" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y 

95 

4750 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y" 

2-1 Y 

100 

5000 

2-3" 

2-2  K" 

2-2  K" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1  Y" 

2-1 Y 

105 

5250 

2-3 “ 

2-2  Y” 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y' 

2-1 Y 

110 

5500 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 K" 

2-1 Y 

115 

5750 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y” 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y 

120 

6000 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 Y 

125 

6250 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

130 

6500 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

135 

6750 

2-3 " 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y” 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

140 

7000 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

145 

7250 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

•2-2" 

2-2" 

150 

7500 

2-3  K" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

155 

7750 

2-3  K" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

160 

8000 

2-3  K" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2' 

2-2" 

165 

8250 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

170 

8500 

2-3  K" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

175 

8750 

2-3  Y" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

.  2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

180 

9000 

2-3  K" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2K" 

2-2' 

185 

9250 

2-314" 

2-3  K" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

190 

9500 

2-3  Y“ 

2-3K" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

195 

9750 

2-4" 

2-3  K" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2" 

200 

10000 

2-4" 

2-3  K" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3' 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y 

205 

10250 

2-4" 

2-3%" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y 

210 

10500 

2-4" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3  Y' 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y 

215 

10750 

2-4" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2  Y 

220 

11000 

2-4" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y" 

2-2% 

225 

11250 

2-4' 

2-3  Y" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2Y 

230 

11500 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3' 

2-3" 

2-3' 

2-2  Y 

235 

11750 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  Y 

240 

12000 

2-4' 

2-4' 

2-3  Y" 

2-3  K" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3' 

2-3' 

2-2  Y 

245 

12250 

2-4" 

2-4' 

2-3  Y" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3' 

2-3  Y" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3' 

2-3' 

2-3" 

250 

12500 

2-4K" 

2-4" 

2-3  K" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3  K" 

2-3  Y" 

2-3' 

2-3" 

2-3' 

2-3" 

See  explanatory  notes  on  Page  51 


54  The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  I  nspection  and  Insurance  Co 


SAFETY  VALVES  FOR  WATER  TUBE  BOILERS 

Bevel  Seat 


Nominal 

Rated 

Horse¬ 

power 

Required 
Capacity 
(Lbs.  per 
Hr.) 

Number  and  Diameter  of  Safety  Valves  Require 

d  with  Average  Lift 

100  lbs. 

125  lbs. 

150  lbs. 

175  lbs. 

200  lbs. 

225  lbs. 

250  lbs. 

275  lbs. 

300  lbs. 

100 

6000 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

125 

7500 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

150 

9000 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2  X" 

175 

10500 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-3 X" 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

200 

12000 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

225 

13500 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

250 

15000 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

275 

16500 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X* 

2-3X" 

2-3" 

300 

18000 

3-4  X* 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

325 

19500 

4-4" 

3-4K" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

350 

21000 

4-4  X" 

3-4  K" 

3-4" 

3-4 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

375 

22500 

4-4X" 

4-4" 

3-4X" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

400 

24000 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4K" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

425 

25500 

4-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

450 

27000 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

475 

28500 

4-4X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X* 

3-4" 

2— IX* 

2-4  X” 

2-4  X" 

500 

30000 

4-4K" 

4-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

525 

31500 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

550 

33000 

4-4 >2" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

575 

34500 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

3-4  X* 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

600 

36000 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

625 

37500 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

650 

39000 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

675 

40500 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

700 

42000 

4-4X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

725 

43500 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

750 

45000 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X* 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

775 

46500 

4-4  X" 

4-4X" 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  Xr/ 

800 

48000 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

825 

49500 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

850 

51000 

4-4  X* 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

875 

52500 

4-4X" 

4-4X" 

4-4" 

900 

54000 

4-4X" 

4-4  X* 

4-4  X" 

925 

55500 

4-4X" 

4-4  X" 

4-4X" 

950 

57000 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X* 

975 

58500 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

1000 

60000 

4-4X" 

4-4  X" 

See  explanatory  notes  on  Page  51 


55 


The  H  artj  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


SAFETY  VALVES  FOR  WATER-TUBE  BOILERS  (Concluded) 

Flat  Seat 


Nominal 

Rated 

Horse¬ 

power 

Required 
Capacity 
(Lbs.  per 
Hr.) 

Number  and  Diameter  of  Safety  Valves  Required  with  Average  Lift 

100  lbs. 

125  lbs. 

150  lbs. 

175  lbs. 

200  lbs. 

225  lbs. 

250  lbs. 

275  lbs. 

300  lbs. 

100 

6000 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-1 X" 

2-1 X" 

2-1 X" 

125 

7500 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

150 

9000 

2-3  Xw 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2  X" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

175 

10500 

2-3  H" 

2-3  ^2  " 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2  X" 

2-2" 

2-2" 

200 

12000 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

2-2  X" 

2-2  X" 

225 

13500 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-2  X" 

250 

15000 

2-4  x" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

*2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

275 

16500 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3 X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

300 

18000 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3 X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

325 

19500 

3-4" 

2-4  K" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

350 

21000 

3-4" 

2-4K" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3 X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

2-3" 

375 

22500 

3-4K" 

3-4" 

2-4  K" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3" 

400 

24000 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3 X" 

2-3 X" 

2-3X" 

425 

25500 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  x" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

450 

27000 

4-4" 

3-4  K" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

2-3  X" 

475 

28500 

4-4  K" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

2-4X" 

2-4  x" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3X" 

500 

30000 

4-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  K" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-3  X" 

525 

31500 

4-4  K" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  Xw 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

550 

33000 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X,; 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

575 

34500 

4-4  X" 

4-4X" 

3-4X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

2-4" 

600 

36000 

4-4  X" 

3-4X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4" 

625 

37500 

4-4  X" 

3-4 X" 

3-4 X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2—4" 

650 

39000 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

675 

40500 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

3-4X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

700 

42000 

4-4  X" 

4-4  K" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4  X" 

725 

43500 

4-4  x" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4  X" 

2-4X" 

750 

45000 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  x" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4X" 

775 

46500 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

2-4X" 

800 

48000 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

825 

49500 

4-4X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

850 

51000 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

875 

52500 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X* 

3-4X" 

3-4" 

3-4" 

900 

54000 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X* 

3-4" 

925 

55500 

4-4  X" 

4-4X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X* 

3-4  X" 

3-4" 

950 

57000 

4-4X" 

4-4K" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4X" 

3-4" 

975 

58500 

4-4  X" 

4-4" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

1000 

60000 

4-4  X" 

4-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4  X" 

3-4X" 

See  explanatory  notes  on  Page  51 


56  The  H  artf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  I  nsur  ance  Co 


Drilling  and  Other  Details  for  Flanges  and  Fittings 

(American  Standard) 


Pressures  Not  Exceeding  125  Lbs. 


Pipe 

Size 

Diameter  of 
Flanges 

Thickness  of 
Flanges 

Number  of 
Holes 

Siz  e  of 
Holes 

Diameter  of 
Bolt  Circle 

Size  of 

Gaskets 

1" 

4" 

K" 

4 

K" 

3" 

1"  x  2K" 

1  K" 

4K" 

K" 

4 

K" 

3K" 

IK"  x  2K' 

IK" 

5" 

%" 

4 

K" 

3K" 

IK"  x  3K' 

2" 

6" 

K" 

4 

K" 

4K" 

2"  x  4" 

2K' 

7" 

“K" 

4 

K" 

5K" 

2K"x  4K" 

3* 

7K" 

K" 

4 

K" 

6" 

3"  x  5K" 

3K" 

SK" 

4 

K" 

7" 

3K"x  6K' 

4" 

9" 

8 

K" 

7K" 

4"  x  6K' 

4K" 

9K" 

15K" 

8 

K" 

7K" 

4K"x  6K' 

5" 

10" 

ui4" 

8 

K" 

8K" 

5"  x  7K" 

6' 

11" 

l" 

0 

8 

K" 

9K" 

6"  x  8K" 

V 

12K" 

l  H’ 

8 

K* 

10K" 

7"  x  9K" 

8" 

13K" 

l  K" 

8 

K" 

UK" 

8"  x  10K" 

9" 

15" 

l  K" 

12 

K" 

13K" 

9"  x  12K" 

10" 

16" 

l  %' 

12 

1" 

14K* 

10"  x  13K" 

12" 

19" 

l  K" 

12 

1' 

17" 

12"  x  16" 

14" 

21" 

•  l  K" 

12 

IK" 

18K" 

14"  x  17K' 

125  Lbs.  to  250  Lbs.  Pressure 


Pipe 

Size 

Diameter  of 
Flanges 

Thickness  of 
Flanges 

Number  of 
Holes 

Size  of 
Holes 

Diameter  of 
Bolt  Circle  . 

Size  of 

Gaskets 

1" 

4K" 

“/«' 

4 

K" 

3K" 

1"  x  2K" 

IK" 

5" 

K" 

4 

K" 

3K" 

IK"  x  3K" 

IK" 

6" 

4 

K" 

4K" 

IK"  x  3K" 

2' 

6K" 

K" 

4 

K" 

5" 

2"  x  4K" 

2K" 

7K" 

l" 

4 

K" 

5K" 

2K"  x  5" 

3" 

.  8K" 

l  K" 

8 

K" 

6K" 

3"  x  5K" 

3K" 

9" 

1  Ke" 

8 

K" 

7K" 

3K"x  6K" 

4» 

10" 

l  K" 

8 

K" 

7K" 

4"  x  7" 

4K" 

ioK" 

l 

8 

K" 

8  K" 

4 K "  x  7K" 

5" 

ii" 

l  K" 

8 

K 

9K" 

5"  x  8K" 

6" 

12K" 

l  Ke" 

12 

K" 

10K" 

6"  x  9K" 

7" 

14" 

1  K" 

12 

l" 

11K" 

7"  x  10K" 

8" 

15" 

l  K" 

12 

l" 

13" 

8"  x  12" 

9" 

16K" 

l  K" 

12 

IK" 

14" 

9"  x  12K" 

10" 

17K" 

l  K" 

16 

IK" 

15K' 

10"  x  14K" 

12" 

20K" 

2' 

16 

IK" 

17K" 

12"  x  16K" 

14" 

23" 

2  K" 

20 

IK" 

20K" 

13K"  x  19" 

Minimum  Number  of  Pipe  Threads  for  Connections  to  Boilers 


Size  of  Pipe  Connection 
(Inches) 

1  and  K 

IK  and  2 

2K  to  4 
Inclusive 

4K  to  6 
Inclusive 

7  and  8 

9  and  10 

12 

Number  of  threads  per  inch 

UK 

11K 

8 

8 

8 

S 

8 

Minimum  number  of  threads 
required  in  opening 

4 

5 

7 

8 

10 

12 

13 

Minimum  thickness  of  material 
required  to  give  above  num¬ 
ber  of  threads  (Inches) 

0.348 

0.435 

0.875 

1.000 

1.250 

1 . 500 

1.625 

The  H artf or d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


57 


Decimal  Equivalents  of  Common  Fractions 


Common 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Equivalent 

Common 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Equivalent 

Common 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Equivalent 

Common 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Equivalent 

We 

0.0625 

!4 

0.03125 

w 

0.015625 

S34t 

0.515625 

X 

.1250 

Wi 

.09375 

Wi 

.046875 

"44 

.546875 

We 

.1875 

Wi 

.15625 

Wi 

.078125 

374 

.578125 

X 

.2500 

7/?2 

.21875 

Wi 

. 109375 

3% 

.609375 

We 

0.3125 

9^2 

0.28125 

% 

0 . 140625 

4 14 

0.640625 

X 

.3750 

"42 

.34375 

"4i 

.171875 

.671875 

We 

.4375 

1342 

.40625 

'W 

.203125 

434 

.703125 

X 

.5000 

'W2 

.46875 

n4i 

.234375 

47/64 

.734375 

We 

0 . 5625 

"42 

0.53125 

174i 

0.265625 

4% 

0.765625 

X 

.6250 

194 

.59375 

'W 

.296875 

5'4i 

. 796875 

1  We 

.6875 

214 

.65625 

"4a 

.328125 

534 

.828125 

X 

.7500 

23M2 

.71875 

n4i 

.359375 

5Wi 

.859375 

'We 

0.8125 

2% 

0.78125 

0.390625 

574i 

0.890625 

X 

.8750 

2% 

.84375 

"A* 

.421875 

594i 

.921875 

1 We 

.9375 

294 

.90625 

2?4 

.453125 

eW 

.953125 

1 

1.0000 

*W» 

.96875 

.484375 

.984375 

Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles 


Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

V6 

0.0982 

0.00077 

1 16 

3.2398 

0.8352 

2  W2 

6.3814 

3.2405 

We 

.1964 

.00307 

1  We 

3.3379 

.8866 

2  We 

6.4795 

3.3410 

W2 

.2945 

.00690 

1  3M2 

3.4361 

.9396 

2  *4 

6.5777 

3.4430 

X 

.3927 

.01227 

1  X 

3.5343 

.9940 

2  X 

6 . 6759 

3 . 5466 

W2 

0.4909 

0.01918 

1  % 

3.6325 

1.0500 

2W2 

6.7741 

3.6516 

We 

.5890 

.02761 

1  We 

3 . 7306 

1 . 1075 

2  We 

6 . 8722 

3.7583 

W2 

.6872 

.03758 

1  742 

3 . 8288 

1 . 1666 

2  W2 

6.9704 

3.8664 

X 

.7854 

.04909 

1  X 

3.9270 

1 . 2272 

2  X 

7.0686 

3.9761 

W2 

0.8836 

0.06213 

1  % 

4.0252 

1 . 2893 

2  ?4 

7.1668 

4.0873 

We 

.9818 

.07670 

1  We 

4.1233 

1.3530 

2  Me 

7.2649 

4 . 2000 

"42 

1.0799 

.09281 

1  "42 

4.2215 

1.4182 

2"4t 

7.3631 

4.3143 

H 

1.1781 

.11045 

1  X 

4.3197 

1.4849 

2  X 

7.4613 

4.4301 

'W2 

1 . 2763 

0.12962 

l134 

4.4179 

1 . 5532 

2  'W2 

7 . 5595 

4 . 5475 

We 

1.3744 

. 15033 

1  We 

4.5160 

1 . 6230 

2  We 

7.6576 

4 . 6664 

"42 

1.4726 

.17258 

l'W2 

.  4.6142 

1 . 6943 

2'V%2 

7.7558 

4.7868 

X 

1.5708 

.19635 

1  X 

4.7124 

1 . 7672 

2  X 

7.8540 

4.9087 

"42 

1 . 6690 

0.22166 

1  "42 

4.8106 

1.8415 

2"42 

7.9522 

5.0322 

We 

1.7671 

. 24850 

1  We 

4.9087 

1.9175 

2  We 

8.0503 

5.1572 

'W2 

1.8653 

.27688 

I'lii 

5.0069 

1.9949 

2  "42 

8 . 1485 

5.2838 

X 

1.9635 

.30680 

l  X 

5.1051 

2.0739 

2  X 

8.2467 

5.4119 

21 Ai 

2.0617 

0.33824 

1 2V6 

5.2033 

2 . 1545 

2"4i 

8 . 3449 

5.5415 

"Ae 

2.1598 

.37122 

I'We 

5.3014 

2.2365 

2  "Ae 

8.4430 

5 . 6727 

"4i 

2 . 2580 

.40574 

V-W2 

5 . 3996 

2.3202 

2234 

8.5412 

5.8054 

X 

2.3562 

.44179 

1  x 

5.497S 

2.4053 

2  X 

8.6394 

5.9396 

"42 

2.4544 

0.47937 

VW2 

5.5960 

2.4920 

2  "42 

8.7376 

6.0753 

'We 

2 . 5525 

.51849 

I'We 

5.6941 

2 . 5802 

2'We 

8.8357 

6.2126 

"42 

2.6507 

.55914 

1  "42 

5 . 7923 

2.6699 

2"4i 

8.9339 

6.3515 

X> 

2.7489 

.60132 

1  X 

5.8905 

2.7612 

2  X 

9.0321 

6.4918 

2% 

2.8471 

0.64504 

5.9887 

2.8540 

2  "42 

9 . 1303 

6.6337 

"We 

2.9452 

.69029 

I'We 

6.0868 

2.9483 

2'We 

9.2284 

6.7771 

3.0434 

. 73708 

1*16 

6.1850 

3.0442 

2  "42 

9.3266 

6.9221 

1 

3.1416 

.78540 

2 

6.2832 

3.1416 

3 

9.4248 

7.0686 

58  The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co. 


Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles 


Diameter 

Circum- 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum- 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum- 

Area 

ference 

ference 

ference 

3 

9.4248 

7.0686 

5 

15.7080 

19 . 6350 

7 

21.9911 

38.4845 

3  We 

9.6211 

7.3662 

5  We 

15.9043 

20.1289 

7  We 

22 . 1875 

39 . 1748 

3  x 

9.8175 

7 . 6699 

5  X 

16.1007 

20 . 6290 

7  X 

22.3838 

39.8712 

3  We 

10.0138 

7.9798 

5  X 

16.2970 

21.1352 

7  We 

22 . 5S02 

40.5738 

3  x 

10.2102 

8 . 2958 

5  X 

16.4934 

21.6475 

7  X 

22.7765 

41.2825 

3  We 

10.4065 

8.6179 

5  We 

16.6897 

22.1660 

7  We 

22.9729 

41.9973 

3  X 

10.6029 

8.9462 

5  X 

16.8861 

22.6906 

7  X 

23.1692 

42.7183 

3  We 

10.7992 

9 . 2806 

5  We 

17.0824 

23.2214 

7  We 

23.3656 

43 . 4454 

3  X 

10.9956 

9.6211 

5  X 

17.2788 

23.7583 

7  X 

23.5619 

44.1786 

3  % 

11.1919 

9.9678 

5  We 

17.4751 

24.3013 

7  We 

23.7583 

44.9180 

3  x 

11.3883 

10.3206 

5  X 

17.6715 

24 . 8505 

7  X 

23.9546 

45 . 6635 

VWe 

11.5846 

10.6796 

5' We 

17.8678 

25.4058 

71We 

24.1510 

46.4152 

3  x 

11.7810 

11.0447 

5X 

18.0642 

25.9672 

7  X 

24.3473 

47.1730 

313/4 

11.9773 

11.4159 

5134 

18.2605 

26.5348 

7134 

24 . 5437 

47.9369 

3  X 

12.1737 

11.7932 

5  X 

18.4569 

27.1085 

7  X 

24 . 7400 

48 . 7070 

3’54 

12.3700 

12.1767 

5'We 

18.6532 

27.6884 

7'We 

24.9364 

49.4831 

4 

12.5664 

12.5664 

6 

18.8496 

28.2743 

8 

25.1327 

50 . 2655 

4  We 

12.7627 

12.9621 

6  We 

19.0459 

28.8665 

8  We 

25.3291 

51 .0539 

4  X 

12.9591 

13.3640 

6  X 

19.2423 

29.4647 

8  X 

25.5254 

51.8486 

4  ^4 

13.1554 

13.7721 

6X6 

19.4386 

30.0691 

8  We 

25.7218 

52 . 6493 

4  X 

13.3518 

14.1863 

6  X 

19.6350 

30 . 6796 

8  X 

25.9181 

53.4562 

4  *4 

13.5481 

14.6066 

6  We 

19.8313 

31.2963 

8  We 

26.1145 

54 . 2692 

4  X 

13.7445 

15.0330 

6  X 

20.0277 

31.9191 

8  X 

26.3108 

55.0883 

4  Xe 

13.9408 

15.4656 

6X6 

20 . 2240 

32 . 5480 

8  We 

26.5072 

55.9136 

4  X 

14.1372  ' 

15.9043 

6  X 

20.4204 

33.1831 

8  X 

26.7035 

56.7450 

We 

14.3335 

16.3492 

6  We 

20.6167 

33.8243 

8  We 

26.8999 

57 . 5826 

4  X 

14.5299 

16.8002 

6  X 

20.8131 

34.4716 

8  X 

27.0962 

58.4263 

4u/4 

14.7262 

17.2573 

61Xe 

21.0094 

35.1251 

&We 

27.2926 

59.2761 

4  X 

14.9226 

17.7205 

6  X 

21.2058 

35.7847 

8  X 

27.4889 

60.1320 

413/4 

15.1189 

18.1899 

6'346 

21:4021 

36.4504 

8134 

27.6853 

60.9941 

4  X 

15.3153 

18.6655 

6  X 

21.5984 

37.1223 

8  X 

27.8816 

61.8624 

4154e 

15.5116 

19.1472 

615X 

21.7948 

37 . 8004 

8lWe 

28.0780 

62.7367 

5 

15.7080 

19 . 6350 

7 

21.9911 

38.4845 

9 

i 

28.2743 

63.6173 

The  H  art  ford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


59 


Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles 


Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

9 

28.2743 

63.6173 

11 

34.5575 

95.0332 

13 

40.8407 

132.7323 

9  14 

9  yi 

9  We 

28.4707 

28.6670 

28.8634 

64 . 5039 
65.3967 
66.2956 

U  We 

11  X 

11  We 

34.7539 

34.9502 

35.1466 

96.1162 

97.2053 

98.3006 

13  We 

13  X 

13  We 

41.0371 

41.2334 

41.4298 

134.0116 

135.2971 

136.5887 

9  X 

29.0597 

67.2006 

H  X 

35.3429 

99.4020 

13  X 

41.6261 

137.8865 

9  We 

9  H 

9  We 

29.2561 

29.4524 

29.6488 

68.1118 

69.0291 

69.9526 

11  We 
u  X 

U  We 

35.5393 

35.7356 

35.9320 

100.5095 

101.6232 

102.7430 

13  We 

13  X 

13  We 

41.8225 

42.0188 

42.2152 

139.1903 

140.5004 

141.8165 

9  X 

29.8451 

70.8822 

11  X 

36.1283 

103.8689 

13  X 

42.4115 

143.1388 

9  We 

9  X 

9xWe 

30.0415 

30.2378 

30.4342 

71.8179 

72 . 7598 
73.7078 

11  We 

li  x 

ll1We 

36.3247 

36.5210 

36.7174 

105.0010 
106.1392 
107 . 2835 

13  We 

13  X 

13xWe 

42.6078 

42.8042 

43.0005 

144.4672 

145.8018 

147.1425 

9  X 

30.6305 

74.6619 

11  X 

36.9137 

108.4340 

13  X 

43 . 1969 

148.4893 

9xWe 

9  H 

9xWe 

30 . 8269 
31.0232 
31.2196 

75 . 6222 
76.5886 
77.5611 

llxW> 

li  X 
IDWe 

37.1101 

37 . 3064 
37.5028 

109 . 5907 
110.7534 
111.9223 

13i  We 

13  X 
13‘We 

43.3932 

43 . 5896 
43.7859 

149.8423 

151.2014 

152.5667 

10 

31.4159 

78.5398 

12 

37.6991 

113.0973 

14 

43.9823 

153.9380 

10  We 

10  X 

10  We 

31.6123 

31.8086 

32.0050 

79 . 5246 

80 . 5156 
81.5127 

12  We 

12  X 

12  We 

37.8955 

38.0918 

38.2882 

114.2785 

115.4658 

116.6592 

14  We 

14  X 

14  We 

44.1786 

44.3750 

44.5713 

155.3156 

156.6992 

158.0890 

io  X 

32.2013 

82.5159 

12  X 

38.4845 

117.8588 

14K 

44.7677 

159.4849 

10  We 

10  3/8 

io  We 

32.3977 

32 . 5940 
32.7904 

83 . 5253 

84 . 5407 
85.5624 

12  We 

12  H 

12  We 

38.6809 

38.8772 

39.0736 

119.0645 

120.2764 

121.4943 

14  We 

14  X 

14  We 

44.9640 

45 . 1604 
45.3567 

160.8870 

162.2952 

163.7095 

io  X 

32.9867 

86.5901 

12  X 

39 . 2699 

122.7185 

14  X 

45.5531 

165.1300 

io  We 

10  x 

10iWe 

33.1831 

33.3794 

33.5758 

87.6240 

88.6641 

89.7103 

12  We 

12  X 
12xWe 

39.4663 

39.6626 

39 . 8590 

123.9487 

125.1851 

126.4276 

14  We 

14  X 

14‘We 

45.7494 

45.9458 

46.1421 

166.5566 

167.9893 

169.4282 

10  x 

33.7721 

90.7626 

12  X 

40.0553 

127 . 6763 

14  X 

46.3385 

170.8732 

10iWe 

10  X 

10iWe 

33.9685 

34 . 1648 
34.3612 

91.8210 

92.8856 

93.9563 

12i  We 

12  X 
121  We 

40.2517 

40.4480 

40 . 6444 

128.9311 

130.1920 

131.4591 

14iWe 

14  X 

14iWe 

46.5348 

46.7312 

46.9275 

172.3243 

173.7816 

175.2450 

11 

34.5575 

95.0332 

13 

40.8407 

132.7323 

15 

47.1239 

176.7146 

60  The  H  ar  tf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles 


Diameter 

Circum- 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum- 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum- 

Area 

ference 

ference 

ference 

15 

47.124 

176.715 

20 

62.832 

314.159 

25 

78 . 540 

490.874 

X 

47.517 

179.672 

X 

63.225 

318.099 

X 

78.933 

495.795 

X 

47.909 

182.654 

X 

63.617 

322.062 

X 

79 . 325 

500 . 740 

X 

48.302 

185.661 

x& 

64.010 

326.051 

X 

79.718 

505.710 

X 

48.695 

188.692 

X 

64.403 

330.064 

X 

80.111 

510.705 

X 

49.087 

191.748 

X 

64.795 

334.101 

X 

80 . 503 

515.724 

X 

49.480 

194.828 

X 

65.188 

338.163 

X 

80 . 896 

520 . 768 

X 

49.873 

197.933 

X 

65.581 

342.250 

X 

81.289 

525.836 

16 

50.265 

201.062 

21 

65.973 

346.361 

26 

81.681 

530.929 

X 

50 . 658 

204.216 

X 

66.366 

350.496 

X 

82.074 

536.046 

X 

51.051 

207 . 394 

X 

66.759 

354.656 

X 

82.467 

541.188 

X 

51.444 

210.597 

X 

67.152 

358.841 

X 

82 . 860 

546.355 

X 

51.836 

213.825 

X 

67.544 

363.050 

X 

83 . 252 

551.546 

X 

52 . 229 

217.077 

X 

67.937 

367.284 

X 

83.645 

556.761 

Va 

52 . 622 

220 . 353 

X 

68.330 

371.542 

X 

84.038 

562.001 

X 

53.014 

223 . 654 

X 

68 . 722 

375.825 

X 

84.430 

567.266 

17 

53.407 

226.980 

22 

69.115 

380 . 133 

27 

84 . 823 

572.555 

X 

53.800 

230 . 330 

X 

69 . 508 

384.465 

x 

85.216 

577.869 

Va 

54 . 192 

233.705 

X 

69.900 

388.821 

X 

85 . 608 

583 . 207 

X 

54 . 585 

237.104 

X 

70.293 

393.202 

X 

86.001 

588 . 570 

X 

54.978 

240 . 528 

X 

70 . 686 

397.608 

X 

86.394 

593.957 

X 

55.371 

243.977 

X 

71.079 

402.038 

X 

86.786 

599 . 369 

Va 

55.763 

247.450 

X 

71.471 

406.493 

X 

87.179 

604.805 

X 

56.156 

250.947 

X 

71.864 

410.972 

X 

87 . 572 

610.266 

18 

56 . 549 

254.469 

23 

72.257 

415.476 

28 

87.965 

615.752 

yk 

56.941 

258.016 

X 

72 . 649 

420.004 

yk 

88 . 357 

621.262 

Xa 

57.334 

261.587 

X 

73.042 

424.557 

X, 

88 . 750 

626.797 

X  • 

57 . 727 

265.182 

X 

73.435 

429.134 

X 

89 . 143 

632.356 

X 

58.119 

268.802 

X 

73.827 

433.736 

X 

89 . 535 

637.940 

X 

58.512 

272.447 

X 

74 . 220 

438 . 363 

X 

89.928 

643.548 

Va 

58.905 

276.117 

X 

74.613 

443.014 

X 

90.321 

649 . 180 

X 

59.298 

279.811 

X 

75.006 

447.689 

X 

90.714 

654.838 

19 

59.690 

283 . 529 

24 

75.398 

452.389 

29 

91.106 

660 . 520 

X 

60.083 

287 . 272 

X 

75.791 

457.114 

X 

91.499 

666.226 

X 

60.476 

291.039 

X 

76.184 

461.863 

X 

91.892 

671.957 

X 

60 . 868 

294.831 

X 

76 . 576 

466.637 

X 

92 . 284 

677.713 

X 

61.261 

298.648 

X 

76.969 

471.435 

X 

92.677 

683.493 

X 

61.654 

302.489 

X 

77 . 362 

476.258 

X 

93.070 

689 . 297 

X 

62.046 

306 . 355 

X 

77 . 754 

481.105 

X 

93.462 

695 . 126 

X 

62.439 

310.245 

X 

78.147 

485.977 

X 

93.855 

700.980 

20 

62.832 

314.159 

25 

78.540 

490.874 

30 

94 . 248 

706.858 

( 


The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  I  nspection  and  Insurance  Co 


61 


Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles 


Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

30 

94 . 248 

706.86 

35 

109.956 

962.11 

40 

125.664 

1256 . 64 

A 

94 . 640 

712.76 

A 

110.348 

969.00 

A 

126.056 

1264 . 50 

A 

95.033 

718.69 

Va 

110.741 

975.91 

A 

126.449 

1272 . 39 

A 

95.426 

724 . 64 

A 

111.134 

982 . 84 

A 

126.842 

1280.31 

A 

95.819 

730 . 62 

A 

111.526 

989 . 80 

A 

127.234 

1288.25 

A 

96.211 

736.62 

A 

111.919 

996.78 

A 

127.627 

1296.21 

Va 

96.604 

742.64 

Va 

112.312 

1003.79 

A 

128.020 

1304.20 

A. 

96.997 

748.69 

A 

112.705 

1010.82 

A 

128.413 

1312.22 

31 

97 . 389 

754.77 

36 

113.097 

1017.88 

41 

128.805 

1320.25 

A 

97 . 782 

760.87 

A 

113.490 

1024.96 

A 

129.198 

1328.32 

Va 

98.175 

766.99 

A 

113.883 

1032.06 

A 

129.591 

1336.40 

A 

98.568 

773 . 14 

A 

114.275 

1039.19 

A 

129.983 

1344.52 

A 

98.960 

779.31 

A 

114.668 

1046 . 35 

A 

130.376 

1352.65 

A 

99 . 353 

785.51 

A 

115.061- 

1053.53 

A 

130.769 

1360.81 

Va 

99.746 

791.73 

Va 

115.454 

1060 . 73 

A 

131.162 

1369.00 

A 

100.138 

797.98 

7A 

115.846 

1067.96 

A 

131.554 

1377.21 

32 

100.531 

804.25 

37 

116.239 

1075.21 

42 

131.947 

1385.44 

a 

100.924 

810.54 

A 

116.632 

1082.49 

A 

132,340 

1393.70 

Va 

101.316 

816.86 

A 

117.024 

1089.79 

A 

132.732 

1401.98 

H 

101.709 

823.21 

A 

117.417 

1097.12 

A 

133.125 

1410.29 

A 

102.102 

829 . 58 

A 

117.810 

1104.47 

A 

133.518 

1418.62 

102.494 

835.97 

A 

118.202 

1111.84 

A 

133.910 

1426.98 

Va 

102.887 

842 . 39 

A 

118.595 

1119.24 

A 

134.303 

1435.36 

A 

103.280 

848.83 

A 

118.988 

1126.66 

A 

134.696 

1443.77 

33 

103.673 

855 . 30 

38 

119.381 

1134.11 

43 

135.088 

1452.20 

H 

104.065 

861.79 

A 

119.773 

1141.59 

A. 

135.481 

1460.66 

Va 

104.458 

868.31 

A 

120.166 

1149.09 

A 

135.874 

1469.14 

H 

104.851 

874.85 

A 

120.559 

1156.61 

A 

136.267 

1477.64 

A 

105.243 

881.41 

A 

120.951 

1164.16 

A 

136.659 

1486.17 

A 

105.636 

888.00 

A 

121.344 

1171.73 

A 

137.052 

1494.72 

Va 

106.029 

894.62 

A 

121.737 

1179.32 

A 

137.445 

1503.30 

A 

106.422 

901.26 

A 

122.129 

1186.94 

A 

137.837 

1511.90 

34 

106.814 

907.92 

39 

122.522 

1194.59 

44 

138.230 

1520.53 

H 

107 . 207 

914.61 

A 

122.915 

1202.26 

As 

138.623 

1529.18 

Va 

107.600 

921.32 

A 

123.308 

1209.96 

A 

139.016 

1537.86 

A 

107.992 

928.06 

A 

123.700 

1217.67 

y& 

139.408 

1546.56 

A 

108.385 

934.82 

A 

124.093 

1225.42 

A 

139.801 

1555 . 28 

Az 

108.778 

941.61 

A 

124.486 

1233.19 

A 

140.194 

1564.03 

Va 

109 . 170 

948.42 

A 

124.878 

1240.98 

A 

140.586 

1572.81 

A 

109.563 

955.25 

A 

125.271 

1248.80 

A 

140.979 

1581.61 

35 

109.956 

962.11 

40 

125.664 

1256.64 

45 

141.372 

1590.43 

62  The  H  a  rtf  or  d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles 


Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

45 

141.372 

1590.43 

50 

157 . 080 

1963 . 50 

55 

172.788 

2375.83 

A 

141.764 

1599.28 

As 

157.472 

1973.33 

As 

173.180 

2386 . 64 

y 

142.157 

1608.15 

A 

157.865 

1983.18 

A 

173.573 

2397.48 

A 

142.550 

1617.05 

As 

158.258 

1993.06 

A 

173.966 

2408 . 34 

A 

142.942 

1625.97 

K 

158 . 650 

2002.96 

A 

174.358 

2419.22 

A 

143.335 

1634.92 

As 

159.043 

2012.89 

As 

174.751 

2430.13 

y 

143.728 

1643.89 

A 

159.436 

2022.84 

A, 

175.144 

2441.07 

As 

144.121 

1652.88 

A 

159.828 

2032.82 

As 

175.536 

2452.03 

46 

144.513 

1661.90 

51 

160.221 

2042.82 

56 

175.929 

2463.01 

A 

144.906 

1670.95 

A 

160.614 

2052.85 

As 

176.322 

2474.02 

A 

145.299 

1680.02 

A 

161.007 

2062.90 

A 

176.715 

2485.05 

A 

145.691 

1689.11 

As 

161.399 

2072.97 

As 

177.107 

2496.11 

A 

146.084 

1698.23 

A 

161.792 

2083.07 

K 

177 . 500 

2507 . 19 

A 

146.477 

1707.37 

As 

162 . 185 

2093.20 

As 

177.893 

2518.29 

3A 

146.870 

1716.54 

A. 

162.577 

2103.35 

A 

178.285 

2529 . 42 

A 

147.262 

1725.73 

As 

162.970 

2113.52 

As 

178.678 

2540 . 58 

47 

147.655 

1734.94 

52 

163.363 

2123.72 

57 

179.071 

2551.76 

A 

148.048 

1744 . 19 

As 

163.756 

2133.94 

As 

179.464 

2562.96 

A 

148.440 

1753.45 

A, 

164.148 

2144 . 19 

A, 

179.856 

2574 . 19 

H 

148.833 

1762.74 

As 

164.541 

2154.46 

A 

180.249 

2585.45 

A 

149.226 

1772.05 

A* 

164.934 

2164.75 

A 

180.642 

2596.73 

A 

149.618 

1781.39 

A 

165.326 

2175.08 

As 

181.034 

2608.03 

A 

150.011 

1790.76 

A 

165.719 

2185.42 

A 

181.427 

2619.35 

A 

150.404 

1800 . 14 

As 

166.112 

2195.79 

As 

181.820 

2630.70 

48 

150.796 

1809.56 

53 

166.504 

2206.18 

58 

182.212 

2642.08 

A 

151.189 

1818.99 

A 

166.897 

2216.60 

As 

182.605 

2653.48 

A 

151.582 

1828.46 

A 

167.290 

2227.05 

A 

182.998 

2664.91 

H 

151.974 

1837.94 

As 

167.682 

2237.52 

A 

183.390 

2676.36 

A 

152.367 

1847.45 

A 

168.075 

2248.01 

A 

183.783 

2687.83 

A 

152.760 

1856.99 

As 

168.468 

2258.53 

A 

184.176 

2699.33 

A 

153.153 

1866.55 

A 

168.861 

2269.07 

A 

184.569 

2710.85 

A 

153.545 

1876.13 

As 

169.253 

2279.63 

As 

184.961 

2722.40 

49 

153.938 

1885.74 

54 

169.646 

2290.22 

59 

185.354 

2733.97 

A 

154.331 

1895.37 

As 

170.039 

2300.84 

A 

185.747 

2745.57 

A 

154.723 

1905.03 

A, 

170.431 

2311.48 

A 

186.139  • 

2757.19 

As 

155.116 

1914.72 

As 

170.824 

2322.14 

As 

186.532 

2768.84 

A 

155.509 

1924.42 

A 

171.217 

2332.83 

A 

186.925 

2780.51 

A 

155.902 

1934.15 

A 

171.610 

2343 . 54 

As 

187.318 

2792.20 

A 

156.294 

1943.91 

A 

172.002 

2354 . 28 

A, 

187.710 

2803.92 

A 

156.687 

1953.69 

As 

172.395 

2365.04 

As 

188.103 

2815.67 

50 

157.080 

1963.50 

55 

172.788 

2375.83 

60 

188.496 

2827.43 

The  H ar tf or d  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Co 


63 


Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles 


Diameter 

Circum- 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum- 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum- 

Area 

ference 

ference 

ference 

> 

60 

188.496 

2827.43 

65 

204 . 204 

3318.31 

70 

219.911 

3848.45 

X 

188.888 

2839.23 

X 

204 . 596 

3331.08 

X 

220 . 304 

3862.21 

X 

189.281 

2851.04 

X 

204.989 

3343.88 

X 

220.697 

3875.99 

X 

189.674 

2862 . 89 

X 

205 . 382 

3356.71 

X 

221.090 

3889.80 

X 

190.066 

2874.75 

X 

205.774 

3369 . 55 

X 

221.482 

3903 . 63 

X 

190.459 

2886 . 65 

X 

206.167 

3382.43 

X 

221.875 

3917.48 

X 

190.852 

2898.56 

X 

206 . 560 

3395.33 

X 

222 . 268 

3931.36 

X 

191.244 

2910.50 

X 

206.952 

3408.25 

X 

222.660 

3945.26 

61 

191.637 

2922.47 

66 

207.345 

3421.19 

71 

223.053 

3959.19 

x 

192.030 

2934.46 

X 

207.738 

3434.17 

X 

223.446 

3973.15 

x 

192.423 

2946.47 

X 

208.130 

3447.17 

X 

223 . 838 

3987.12 

X 

192.815 

2958.51 

X 

208 . 523 

3460.18 

X 

224.231 

4001 . 13 

X 

193 . 208 

2970.57 

X 

208.916 

3473 . 23 

X 

224 . 624 

4015.15 

X 

193.601 

2982.66 

X 

209.309 

3486.30 

X 

225.017 

4029 . 20 

X 

193.993 

2994.77 

X 

209.701 

3499.39 

X 

225.409 

4043.28 

X 

194.386 

3006.91 

X 

210.094 

3512.51 

X 

225.802 

4057.38 

62 

194.779 

3019.07 

67 

210.487 

3525.65 

72 

226.195 

4071.50 

X 

195.172 

3031.26 

X 

210.879 

3538.82 

X 

226 . 587 

4085 . 65 

X 

195.564 

3043.47 

X 

211.272 

3552.01 

X 

226.980 

4099.83 

X 

195.957 

3055 . 70 

X 

211.665 

3565.23 

X 

227.373 

4114.03 

X 

196.350 

3067.96 

X 

212.058 

3578.47 

X 

227.766 

4128.25 

X 

196.742 

3080 . 25 

X 

212.450 

3591.74 

X 

228.158 

4142.50 

X 

197 . 135 

3092 . 56 

X 

212.843 

3605.03 

X 

228.551 

4156.77 

X 

197.528 

3104.89 

X 

213.236 

3618.34 

X 

228.944 

4171.07 

63 

197.920 

3117.25 

68 

213.628 

3631.68 

73 

229.336 

4185.39 

X 

198.313 

3129.63 

X 

214.021 

3645.05 

X 

229.729 

4199.73 

X 

198.706 

3142.03 

X 

214.414 

3658.43 

X 

230.122 

4214.10 

X 

199.098 

3154.47 

X 

214.806 

3671.85 

X 

230.514 

4228.50 

X 

199.491 

3166.92 

X 

215.199 

3685.28 

X 

230.907 

4242.92 

X 

199.884 

3179.40 

X 

215.592 

3698.75 

X 

231.300 

4257.36 

X 

200 . 276 

3191.91 

X 

215.984 

3712.23 

X 

231.692 

4271.83 

X 

200.669 

3204.44 

X 

216.377 

3725.75 

X 

232.085 

4286.32 

r 

64 

201.062 

3216.99 

69 

216.770 

3739.28 

74 

232.478 

4300.84 

X 

201.455 

3229 . 57 

X 

217.163 

3752 . 84 

X 

232.871 

4315.38 

X 

201.847 

3242.17 

X 

217.555 

3766.43 

X 

233.263 

4329.95 

X 

202.240 

3254 . 80 

X 

217.948 

3780.04 

X 

233.656 

4344.54 

X 

202.633 

3267.45 

X 

218.341 

3793.67 

X 

234.049 

4359 . 16 

X 

203.025 

3280 . 13 

X 

218.733 

3807.33 

X 

234.441 

4373.80 

X 

203.418 

3292.83 

X 

219.126 

3821.01 

X 

234.834 

4388.46 

X 

203.811 

3305.56 

X 

219.519 

3834.72 

X 

235.227 

4403 . 15 

65 

204 . 204 

3318.31 

70 

219.911 

3848.45 

75 

235.619 

4417.86 

64  The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  I  nsur  ance  Co 


Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles 


Diameter 

Circum- 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum- 

Area  ' 

Diameter 

Circum- 

Area 

ference 

ference 

ference 

75 

235.619 

4417.86 

80 

251.327 

5026 . 55 

85 

267.035 

5674 . 50 

x 

236.012 

4432 . 60 

X 

251.720 

•  5042  .'27 

X 

267.428 

5691.20 

X 

236.405 

4447.37 

X 

252.113 

5058.01 

X 

267.821 

5707.93 

X 

236.798 

4462.15 

X 

252 . 506 

5073.78 

X 

268.214 

5724 . 68 

X 

237.190 

4476.97 

X 

252. 89S 

5089 . 58 

X 

268.606 

5741.46 

x 

237.583 

4491.80 

X 

253.291 

5105.39 

X 

268.999 

5758.26 

X 

237.976 

4506 . 66 

X 

253 . 684 

5121.24 

X 

269 . 392 

5775.08 

X 

238.368 

4521.55 

X 

254.076 

5137.10 

X 

269.784 

5791.93 

76 

238.761 

4536.46 

81 

254.469 

5153.00 

86 

270.177 

5808.80 

X 

239.154 

4551.39 

X 

254 . 862 

5168.91 

X 

270 . 570 

5825.70 

X 

239 . 546 

4566 . 35 

X 

255.254 

5184.85 

X 

270.962 

5842 . 63 

X 

239.939 

4581.34 

X 

255.647 

5200 . 82 

X 

271.355 

5859.57 

X 

240.332 

4596,35 

X 

256.040 

5216.81 

X 

271.748 

5876.55 

X 

240.724 

4611.38 

X 

256.432 

5232 . 83 

X 

272.140 

5893 . 54 

X 

241.117 

4626.44 

X 

256.825 

5248.86 

X 

272.533 

5910.56 

X 

241.510 

4641.52 

X 

257.218 

5264.93 

X 

272.926 

5927.61 

77 

241.903 

4656.63 

82 

257.611 

5281.02 

87 

273.319 

5944.68 

X 

242.295 

4671.76 

X 

258.003 

5297.13 

X 

273.711 

5961.77 

X 

242.688 

.  4686.91 

X 

258.396 

5313.27 

X 

274 . 104 

5978.89 

X 

243.081 

4702.09 

X 

258.789 

5329.43 

X 

274.497 

5996.04 

X 

243.473 

4717.30 

X 

259.181 

5345.62 

X 

274.889 

6013.20 

X 

243.866 

4732.53 

X 

259 . 574 

5361.83 

X 

275.282 

6030.40 

X 

244.259 

4747.78 

X 

259.967 

5378.06 

X 

275.675 

6047.62 

X 

244.652 

4763.06 

X 

260.360 

5394.32 

X 

276.068 

6064.86 

78 

245.044 

4778.36 

83 

260.752 

5410.61 

88 

276.460 

i  6082.12 

X 

245.437 

4793 . 69 

X 

261.145 

5426.92 

X 

276.853 

6099.41 

X 

245 . 830 

4809.04 

X 

261.538 

5443.25 

X 

277.246 

6116.73 

X 

246.222 

4824.42 

X 

261.930 

5459.61 

X 

277.638 

6134.07 

X 

246.615 

4839.82 

X 

262.323 

5475.99 

X 

278.031 

6151.44 

X 

247.008 

4855.25 

X 

262.716 

5492.40 

X 

278.424 

6168.82 

X 

247.400 

4870 . 70 

X 

263.108 

5508 . 83 

X 

278.816 

6186.24 

X 

247.793 

4886.17 

X 

263.501 

5525.29 

X 

279.209 

6203 . 68 

79 

248 . 186 

4901.67 

84 

263.894 

5541.77 

89 

279 . 602 

6221 . 14 

X 

248 . 578 

4917.19 

X 

264.286 

5558.28 

X 

279.994 

6238.63 

X 

248.971 

4932.74 

X 

264.679 

5574.81 

X 

280.387 

6256.14 

X 

249 . 364 

4948.32 

X 

265.072 

5591.36 

X 

280.780 

6273 . 67 

X 

249.757 

4963.91 

X 

265.465 

5607.94 

X 

281.172 

6291.24 

X 

250.149 

4979.54 

X 

265.857 

5624 . 54 

X 

281.565 

6308.82 

X 

250 . 542 

4995.18 

X 

266.250 

5641.17 

X 

281.958 

6326.43 

X 

250.935 

5010.85 

X 

266.643 

5657.82 

X 

282.351 

6344.07 

80 

251.327 

5026.55 

85 

267.035 

5674 . 50 

90 

282.743 

6361.73 

The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  I  nspcction  and  Insurance  Co 


65 


Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles 


Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

Diameter 

Circum¬ 

ference 

Area 

90 

282 . 743 

6361.73 

95 

298.451 

7088 . 22 

100 

314.159 

7853.98 

y 

283 . 136 

6379.41 

y 

298 . 844 

7106.88 

y 

314.552 

7873.63 

y 

283 . 529 

6397.12 

y 

299 . 237 

7125.57 

y 

314.945 

7893 . 30 

H 

283.921 

6414.85 

y 

299 . 629 

7144.29 

y 

315.337 

7913.00 

y 

284.314 

6432.61 

y 

300.022 

7163.03 

y 

315.730 

7932.72 

y 

284 . 707 

6450 . 39 

y 

300.415 

7181.79 

y 

316.123 

7952.46 

K 

285 . 100 

6468 . 20 

y 

300 . 80S 

7200 . 58 

y 

316.516 

7972.23 

14. 

285.492 

6486.03 

14 

301.200 

7219.39 

y 

316.908 

7992.03 

91 

285.885 

6503 . 88 

96 

301.593 

7238 . 23 

101 

317.301 

8011.85 

y 

286 . 278 

6521.76 

y 

301.986 

7257.09 

y 

317.694 

8031.69 

y 

286 . 670 

6539 . 67 

y 

302 . 378 

7275.98 

y 

318.086 

S051 . 56 

y 

287.063 

6557 . 60 

y 

302.771 

7294 . 89 

y 

318.479 

8071.45 

K 

287.456 

6575.55 

y 

303.164 

7313.82 

y 

318.872 

8091.37 

y 

287 . 848 

6593 . 53 

y 

303 . 556 

7332.78 

y 

319.264 

8111.31 

y 

288.241 

6611.53 

y 

303 . 949 

7351.77 

y 

319.657 

8131.28 

H 

288 . 634 

6629 . 56 

14 

304 . 342 

7370 . 78 

y 

320 . 050 

8151.27 

92 

289 . 027 

6647.61 

97 

304.734 

7389.81 

102 

320.442 

8171.28 

lA 

289.419 

6665.69 

y 

305.127 

7408 . 87 

y 

320.835 

8191.32 

y 

289 . 812 

6683 . 79 

y 

305 . 520 

7427.95 

y 

321.228 

8211.39 

H 

290 . 205 

6701.91 

y 

305.913 

7447.06 

y 

321.620 

8231.48 

y 

290 . 597 

6720 . 06 

y 

306 . 305 

7466.19 

y 

322.013 

8251 . 59 

H 

290.990  ' 

6738 . 24 

y 

306 . 698 

7485.35 

y 

322.406 

8271.73 

y 

291.383 

6756.44 

y 

307.091 

7504 . 53 

y 

322.799 

8291.89 

14 

291.775 

6774 . 66 

14 

307.483 

7523 . 73 

y 

323.191 

8312.08 

93 

292.168 

6792.91 

98 

307 . 876 

7542.96 

103 

323.584 

8332.29 

y 

292.561 

6811.18 

y 

308 . 269 

7562 . 22 

y 

323.977 

8352 . 53 

y 

292 . 954 

6829.48 

y 

308 . 662 

7581.50 

y 

324 . 369 

8372.79 

H 

293.346 

6847.80 

y 

309.054 

7600 . 80 

y 

324 . 762 

8393.07 

y 

293.739 

6866.15 

y 

309.447 

7620 . 13 

y 

325 . 155 

8413.38 

y 

294 . 132 

6884 . 52 

y 

309 . 840 

7639.48 

y 

325 . 548 

8433.72 

y 

294 . 524 

6902.91 

y 

310.232 

7658 . 86 

y 

325.940 

8454.08 

y 

294.917 

6921.33 

y 

310.625 

7678.26 

y 

326 . 333 

8474.46 

94 

295.310 

6939.78 

99 

311.018 

7697.69 

104 

326.726 

8494 . 87 

295.702 

6958.25 

y 

311.410 

7717.14 

y 

327.118 

8515.30 

y 

296.095 

6976.74 

y 

311.803 

7736.61 

y 

327.511 

8535 . 76 

y 

296.488 

6995 . 26 

y 

312.196 

7756.11 

y 

327.904 

8556 . 24 

y 

296.880 

7013.80 

y 

312.588 

7775.64 

y 

328 . 296 

8576 . 74 

y 

297.273 

7032 . 37 

y 

312.981 

7795.19 

y 

328 . 689 

8597 . 28 

y 

297 . 666 

7050.96 

y 

313.374 

7814.76 

y 

329 . 082 

8617.83 

14 

298.059 

7069 . 58 

y 

313.767 

7834 • 36 

y 

329.474 

8638.41 

95 

298.451 

7088.22 

!  00 

314.159 

7853 . 98 

105 

329.867 

8659.01 

